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Natives in the Constitution Only mentioned three times in the Constitution Article 1: excluded Indians “not taxed’ from being counted in the population Article 1: gave Congress power to regulate trade with Indians Article 4: treaties made before the Constitution had to be honored after its writing
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Pre-existing Conflicts with the Natives Battle of Fallen Timbers- 1794: final battle of the Northwest Indian War Treaty of Greenville- 1795: Indians gave up claim to most of land in Ohio Valley Battle of Tippecanoe- 1811: Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa tried to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois
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Assimilation of the Natives Jefferson had encouraged assimilation and promised Natives citizenship if they could coexist Between the years of 1819 and 1829, Cherokees had an independent nation within the U.S. boundaries Indians became farmers Sequoyah created Cherokee Alphabet “Five civilized nations”
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“Five Civilized Nations” Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole found in modern day GA, AL, MS, FL Adopted agricultural economy, republican form of government, institution of slavery because Jefferson had promised citizenship Cherokee had even created a government with bicameral legislature, election system, court system, and by adopting a Constitution
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Cherokee’s relationship with Jackson “…Cherokee nation never again made war against the United States. Indeed, the tribe allied with Andrew Jackson against their old enemies the Creeks and played a major part in his victory at Horseshoe Bend in 1814” (Howe, 343). Tried to get on Jackson’s good side
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Jackson’s opinions about Natives Favored removing eastern Indians to lands beyond Mississippi Even before he became president, he was involved in persuading and coercing groups to emigrate “His own attitude toward Indians was that they were children when they did the white man’s bidding and savage beasts when they resisted” (American Stories, 276) http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=PiVXJSXlptY
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Indian Removal Act 1830 Mainly focused on Indians in SE because Indians in the West were under the control of the Spanish Situation became aggravated when natives found gold on their land in Georgia Georgia annulled the Cherokee Constitution and had their lands seized. Alabama and Mississippi follow suit; Unconstitutional
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Cherokee vs. Georgia 1831 Marshall ruled that Georgia could not enter Cherokee lands and remove Indians Supreme Court sided with Indians but the ruling was not enforced “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it” –Jackson Ruling made the Supreme Court look inferior to the executive.
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Worcester vs. Georgia 1831-1832 The idea that prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license was unconstitutional Samuel Worcester and other non-Natives were indicted in the supreme court for residing within the limits of the Cherokee without a license and without pledging to support the constitution and laws of GA Georgia sues them for trying to live under the Cherokee provisions Worcester argues that the statute violated the Constitution, treaties between the US and the Cherokee nation Only the federal government can decide what the interaction between the whites and the natives can be so the Georgia act was unconstitutional.
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Trail of Tears 1832-1838 Funds were granted for the relocation of the Cherokee Given two years to vacate their lands and move to a new territory in modern day Oklahoma All the tribes in the SE except the Cherokee agreed to evacuate; military force had to be used with Cherokee
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Travels of the Five Civilized Nations
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Effects of Trail of Tears Approximately four thousand out of sixteen thousand died along the way Cherokee re-established agrarian society in NE Oklahoma, set up new government and signed constitution in 1839 By 1842, most of the 5 civilized tribes had been moved from their lands and settled in Oklahoma http://www.lyricsfreak.com/e/europe/cherokee_200 51713.html (Song: “Cherokee” by Europe) http://www.lyricsfreak.com/e/europe/cherokee_200 51713.html
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Anti-Indian Removal Natives had to rely on white government officials to fight their battles because they weren’t allowed in government. Protestant women and clergy were the most vocal against Indian Removal. Jeremiah Evarts creates ABCFM whose purpose is to counter Indian Removal. Catherine Beecher led women’s opposition to the removal “…defenders of morality, charity, and family values, women were free to ‘feel for the distressed’” (349, Howe)
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People to Note William Henry Harrison: a victor in Battle of Tippecanoe and a representative of the Whigs Henry Clay: Great Compromiser and a representative of the War Hawks (later becomes a Whig) John C. Calhoun: secretary of State for Monroe and vice president for John Q. Adams and Jackson (distrustful of minorities and pro-slavery) John Eaton: Jackson’s secretary of War
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Picture Sources http://bookexcerpts.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/andrew -jackson.jpg http://bookexcerpts.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/andrew -jackson.jpg http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/d/d6/JohnC Calhoun.jpeg http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/d/d6/JohnC Calhoun.jpeg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FqFDV- L66EI/SZ7Ku9zYSMI/AAAAAAAATa4/N6ZMtXsbMiE/s400/ Sequoyah.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FqFDV- L66EI/SZ7Ku9zYSMI/AAAAAAAATa4/N6ZMtXsbMiE/s400/ Sequoyah.jpg http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/trai l_of_tears.jpg http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/trai l_of_tears.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Trail s_of_Tears_en.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Trail s_of_Tears_en.png
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Information Sources http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3406400954.html (Nov. 8) http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3406400954.html (Nov. 8) http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h321.html (Nov. 11) http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h321.html (Nov. 11) http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnccalhoun.h tml (Nov. 11) http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnccalhoun.h tml (Nov. 11) Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America, 1815-1848. Oxford University Press USA, 2007. 14 November 2010 http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=227069 http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=227069 Brands, H.W. American Stories. New York: Pearson, 2009. Print. Brands, H.W. American Stories. New York: Pearson, 2009. Print.
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