2. Hearing Test http://www.freemosquitoringtones.org/heari ng_test/http://www.freemosquitoringtones.org/heari ng_test/

3. Audition: Hearing As with the eye, the ear receives waves, this time of sounds. Length of wave = pitch height of wave (amplitude) = volume

4. Volume Volume measured in decibels. –Every 10 point increase equals a 10 times rise in level. Frequent exposure to 85+ = possible deafness –A busy street corner –85 decibels is a trillion times louder than the lowest threshold for hearing sound.

5. The Ear Outer ear funnels waves into auditory canal to the tympanic membrane –Tympanic membrane = Eardrum = tight vibrating membrane Tympanic membrane attached to bones of the middle ear called ossicles – the hammer, anvil, and stirrup = piston movement The bones are attached to the Cochlea in the inner ear through the oval window. – The Cochlea is to hearing what the retina is to seeing: the receptor.

6. Pinna External visible flap of skin and cartilage

7. Auditory Canal Part of outer ear along with pinna, leads to tympanic membrane

8. Tympanic Membrane Also called eardrum Separates outer ear from middle ear and vibrates with reception of sound

9. Ossicles Three bones in middle ear (malleus/incus/stapes or hammer/anvil/stirrup) Set in motion by eardrum that transmit sound vibrations to the cochlea

10. Cochlea Basilar membrane: subject to pressure changes in cochlear fluid –Contains the organ of Corti – an organ that contains auditory sensory cells (hair) Hair Cells: organ of Corti deflected by fluid movement trigger neural impulses to the brain via auditory nerve

12. Basilar Membrane: Amber fields of grain…

13. The Cochlea – how it works When the bones of the middle ear shake (piston) the cochlea’s oval window, it makes the liquid inside ripple which, in turn, vibrates the hairs embedded in the basilar membrane. This vibrating creates the action potential.

14. Hair cells of inner ear, can be damaged by age and loud noise, particularly bass sounds.

16. Pitch Theories Place theory: high pitches are created by where on the basilar membrane the liquid vibrates the hairs. –The brain reads the place and makes you hear the corresponding pitch. (high pitches)

17. Pitch theories cont’d Frequency Theory: brain reads amount of times per second the hair vibrates and interprets to determine low or high pitches.

18. Sound location Your brain uses a combination of visual cues and sound cues to determine sound location. (parallel processing). The sound cues are the level of amplitude that each ear receives. The visual cues can fool you, like with a ventriloquist’s dummy. (dichotic listening test)

20. Deafness Conduction Deafness: Caused by damage to the ear drum or middle ear bones. –Hearing aids can help by increasing the amount of sound waves to the cochlea. Sensorineural Deafness (Nerve Deafness): caused by damage to the hairs by repeated exposure to loud noises or disease. –Rarely helped by hearing aids. Possible in the future by cochlea transplants. –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT7sxr9t3 Qg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT7sxr9t3 Qg&feature=related

22. Perception and Attention Change Incoming information more important due to lack of auditory input –Deaf people tend to take in visual inputs more than most (i.e. ability to read lips)

23. Hearing loss Tends to be in the higher pitch ranges. Makes it hard to pick out foreground from background. Higher frequency hairs are at beginning of cochlea If can’t talk over sound. If others can hear your IPOD If ringing in the ears.