1. Graphical User Interface CSI 1101 N. El Kadri

2. Plan - agenda Graphical components Model-View-Controller Observer/Observable

3. AWT The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is the oldest set of classes used to build graphical user interfaces (GUI) in Java. It has been part of all the Java releases. A more recent and improved toolkit is called Swing. For this introduction, we will focus on AWT.

4. Components/Containers A graphical element is called a component. Accordingly, there is a class called Component that defines the characteristics that are common to all components. Components include: windows, buttons, checkboxes, menus, text fields, scroll bars, etc.

5. The components that contain other components are called containers. Accordingly, there is a class called Container that defines the characteristics that are common to all the containers.

6. AWT is a rich source of examples of the use of inheritance. A Component defines a collection of methods that are common to all the graphical objects, such as setBackground( Color c ) and getX().

7. Components/Containers – Cont’d A Container will contain other graphical components, and therefore declares a method add( Component component ) and setLayout(LayoutManager mgr ). A Window is a Container that is not contained in any other Container. It defines the methods show() and addWindowListener(WindowListener l ).

8. Hello World -1- A Frame is a top-level window with a title and a border. import java.awt.*; public class HelloWorld { public static void main( String args[] ) { Frame f = new Frame( "Hello World!" ); f.setSize( 200,300 ); f.setVisible( true ); }  a top-level component is one that is not contained within any other component.

10. DrJava Alternatively, use DrJava to create and experiment with graphical objects. Use the interactions window and type each of the following statements one by one. > import java.awt.*; > Frame f = new Frame( "Hello World!" ); > f.setSize( 100, 200 ); > f.setVisible( true ); > f.setVisible( false ); > f.setVisible( true ); > f.setVisible( false ); You will see that a Frame of object is not visible unless you make it visible.

11. Hello World -2- Let’s create instead a specialized Frame that has the required characteristics for this application. import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame( String title ) { super( title ); setSize( 200,300 ); setVisible( true ); } Which would be used as follows: import java.awt.*; public class Run { public static void main( String args[] ) { Frame f = new MyFrame( "Hello World" ); }

13. MyFrame is a specialized Frame, which is a specialized Container, therefore, it may contain other components. import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame( String title ) { super( title ); add( new Label( "Some text" ) ); setSize( 200,300 ); setVisible( true ); }

15. LayoutManager When adding new components, we would like to have control over the placement of the objects (components). A layout manager is an object responsible for placing and sizing the components in a container. LayoutManager is an interface and Java provides several implementations: FlowLayout, BorderLayout and GridLayout are the main ones. FlowLayout adds the components from left to right, from top to bottom, this is the default layout manager for a Panel. BorderLayout is a layout that divides the container into zones: north, south, east, west and center, this is the default layout manager for a Frame. GridLayout divides the container into m×n zones (2 dimensional grid).  The Java library has approximately 20 layout manager implementations.

16. BorderLayout import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame( String title ) { super( title ); add(new Label( "North" ),BorderLayout.NORTH ); add(new Label( "South" ),BorderLayout.SOUTH ); add(new Label( "East" ),BorderLayout.EAST ); add(new Label( “West" ),BorderLayout.WEST ); add(new Label( "Center" ),BorderLayout.CENTER ); setSize( 200,300 ); setVisible( true ); }

18. FlowLayout import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame( String title ) { super( title ); setLayout( new FlowLayout() ); add( new Label( "-a-" ) ); add( new Label( "-b-" ) ); add( new Label( "-c-" ) ); add( new Label( "-d-" ) ); add( new Label( "-e-" ) ); setSize( 200,300 ); setVisible( true ); }

20. Panel A Panel is the simplest Container. It can be used to regroup several components and may have a different layout than the container that it is part of.

21. import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame( String title ) { super( title ); setLayout( new BorderLayout() ); add( new Label( "Nord" ),BorderLayout.NORTH ); add( new Label( "Est" ),BorderLayout.EAST ); add( new Label( "Ouest" ),BorderLayout.WEST ); add( new Label( "Centre" ),BorderLayout.CENTER ); Panel p = new Panel(); p.setLayout( new FlowLayout() ); p.add( new Label( "-a-" ) ); p.add( new Label( "-b-" ) ); p.add( new Label( "-c-" ) ); p.add( new Label( "-d-" ) ); p.add( new Label( "-e-" ) ); add( p,BorderLayout.SOUTH ); setSize( 200,300 ); setVisible( true ); }

23. Event-driven programming Graphical user interfaces are programmed different from most applications. In an event-driven application, the program waits for something to occur, the user clicks a button or presses a key. An event is an object that represents the action of the user. In Java, the components are the source of the events. A component generates an event or is the source of an event. For example, –When a button is pressed and released, AWT sends an instance of ActionEvent to the button, by calling processEvent on the button.

24. ActionListener To handle the events that will be generated by the button, one needs to add (sometimes we say register) an object that implements the interface ActionListener.

25. import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Square extends Frame { Button button = new Button( "Square" ); TextField input = new TextField(); public Square() { super( "Square GUI" ); setLayout( new GridLayout( 1,2 ) ); add( button ); add( input ); button.addActionListener( new SquareActionListener( this ) ); pack(); show(); } protected void square() { int v = Integer.parseInt( input.getText() ); input.setText( Integer.toString( v*v ) ); }

26. The interface ActionListener lists only one method actionPerformed(ActionEvent e). A SquareActionListener object must know which method square to call, therefore, it has an instance variable that designates the Square object, and this variable is initialized by the constructor. class SquareActionListener implements ActionListener { private Square appl; SquareActionListener( Square appl ) { this.appl = appl; } public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) { appl.square(); }

27. Alternatively, the class Square could be handling the event, as shown on the following slide.

28. import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Square extends Frame implements ActionListener { Button button = new Button( "Square" ); IntField input = new IntField(); public Square() { super(" Square GUI" ); setLayout( new GridLayout( 1,2 ) ); add( button ); add( input ); input.setValue( 2 ); addWindowListener( new SquareWindowAdapter( this ) ); button.addActionListener( this ); pack(); show(); } protected void square() { int v = input.getValue(); input.setValue( v*v ); } public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) { square(); }

29. class SquareWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter { private Square appl; SquareWindowAdapter( Square appl ) { this.appl = appl; } public void windowClosing( WindowEvent e ) { System.exit(0); } class IntField extends TextField { public int getValue() { return Integer.parseInt( getText() ); } public void setValue( int v ) { setText( Integer.toString( v ) ); }

30. Let’s add a button to quit the application. The class Square will be the event- handler for both buttons. Therefore, the method actionPerformed must be able to distinguish between an event that originated from pressing the button square and one that originated from pressing the button quit; fortunately, the event encapsulates this information, see method getSource().

31. import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Square extends Frame implements ActionListener { Button bSquare = new Button( "Square" ); Button bQuit = new Button( "Quit" ); IntField input = new IntField(); public Square() { super( "Square GUI" ); setLayout( new GridLayout( 1,3 ) ); add( bSquare ); bSquare.addActionListener( this ); add( input ); input.setValue( 2 ); add( bQuit ); bQuit.addActionListener( this ); addWindowListener( new SquareWindowAdapter( this ) ); pack(); show(); } protected void square() { int v = input.getValue(); input.setValue( v*v ); }

32. public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) { if ( e.getSource() == bSquare ) { square(); } else if ( e.getSource() == bQuit ) { System.exit(0); } class SquareWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter { private Square appl; SquareWindowAdapter( Square appl ) { this.appl = appl; } public void windowClosing( WindowEvent e ) { System.exit( 0 ); } class IntField extends TextField { public int getValue() { return Integer.parseInt( getText() ); } public void setValue( int v ) { setText( Integer.toString(v) ); }

33. To close the application when the closing button is clicked add the call addWindowListener(... ). import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Square extends Frame { Button button = new Button( "Square" ); TextField input = new TextField(); public Square() { super( "Square GUI" ); setLayout( new GridLayout( 1,2 ) ); addWindowListener( new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing( WindowEvent e ) { System.exit(0); } add( button ); add( input ); button.addActionListener( new SquareActionListener( this ) ); pack(); show(); } protected void square() { int v = Integer.parseInt( input.getText() ); input.setText( Integer.toString( v*v ) ); }

34. The method square retrieves the user input, converts it to an int and puts back the square value in the text field. private void square() { int v = Integer.parseInt( input.getText() ); input.setText( Integer.toString( v*v ) ); }

35. Instead, it might come handy to have a specialized version of the text field that handles the String to int and int to String conversions for us. Let’s create a new subclass called IntField: class IntField extends TextField { public int getValue() { return Integer.parseInt( getText() ); } public void setValue( int v ) { setText( Integer.toString( v ) ); }

36. which would replace the TextField in our application: import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Square extends Frame { Button button = new Button( "Square" ); IntField input = new IntField(); public Square() {... } private void square() { int v = input.getValue(); input.setValue( v*v ); }

37. class IntField extends TextField { public int getValue() { return Integer.parseInt( getText() ); } public void setValue( int v ) { setText( Integer.toString( v ) ); }

38. Nested Components Fancier presentations often require nested components. The following example illustrates the use of a Panel to contain two buttons, the layout of that Panel is GridLayout while the top- level widow uses a BorderLayout

39. public class Square extends Frame { private static final String newline = System.getProperty( "line.separator" ); Button button = new Button( "Square" ); IntField input = new IntField(); TextArea output = new TextArea( 5, 40 ); public Square() { //... setLayout( new BorderLayout() ); add( output, "Center" ); Panel bottom = new Panel(); bottom.setLayout( new GridLayout( 1,2 ) ); bottom.add( button ); bottom.add( input ); add( bottom, "South" ); pack(); show(); } //... }

41. Next Time… Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern Observer/Observable