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Published byErica Parsons Modified over 9 years ago
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DRUGS OF ABUSE Recreational Drugs: 1.Rewarding Subjective Effect 2.Improve Sexual, Athletic, Artistic Performance 3.Therapeutic Benefit
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DRUG ABUSE 1.Defined by Society 2.Interference With “Normal” Functions
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Multiple Simultaneous Variables Affecting Onset and Continuation of Drug Abuse and Addiction Agent (drug) Availability Cost Purity/potency Mode of administration Chewing (absorption via oral mucous membranes) Gastrointestinal Intranasal Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Intravenous Inhalation Speed of onset and termination of effects Pharmacokinetics: Combination of agent and host Host (user ) Heredity Innate tolerance Speed of developing acquired tolerance Likelihood of experiencing intoxication as pleasure Psychiatric symptoms Prior experiences/expectations Propensity for risk-taking behavior Environment Social setting Community attitudes Peer influence, role models Availability of other reinforcers (sources of pleasure or recreation Employment or educational opportunities Pharmacological Phenomena Tolerance
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Many clandestine “labs” are small enough to fit on a kitchen cabinet
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PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS Induce Altered States of Consciousness - Mechanism Includes NE, DA, & 5-HT Receptors - Interact with Receptors to Alter Consciousness
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LSD 1. Perceptual Changes – “Hallucinations” 2. Affective Changes – “Mood Swings” 3. Cognitive Changes – “Logic Variations” 4. Revelations – “Special Insights”
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LSD EFFECTS 1. Visual Hallucinations – auditory rare. 2. Anxiety to euphoria swings. 3. Consciousness retained. 4. Autonomic nervous system activation – pupil dilation, sweating, tachycardia.
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LSD Mechanism 1.Agonist and antagonist on 5-HT receptors. 2.5HT 2 on post-synaptic side and 5-HT 1 on both pre and post synaptic neurons. 3. Raphe nuclei – sleep is 5-HT 1A to decrease function of 5-HT neuron. 4.Agonist effects on 5-HT 1A auto receptors to decrease release of 5-HT.
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Collage of LSD blotter paper.
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Psilocybin Mushroom
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The Peyote Cactus
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Amphetamine Mechanism 1. Release NE from Brain Neurons 2. Paranoia Effect – DA Release Leading to Schizophrenia-like Psychosis. 3. Similar Action – Mescaline, Dimethoxy- methylamphetamine and Methoxy- amphetamine
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Amphetamine 1.Management of ADD. 2.Large doses increase euphoria, self confidence, ability to concentrate through mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine system. 3.Large doses can also cause paranoia and a deep depression through release of epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine from brain neurons. 4.E.R. – Seizures, cardiac arrhythmias and severe anxiety.
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“Ice”, so-named because of its appearance, is a smokeable form of methamphetamine.
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Clandestinely manufactured MDA tablet
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COCAINE 1.Derived from “Coca Leaves” 2.Intense Euphoria, Increases Self- Confidence, Increased Energy 3.Blocks Neuronal Transport System for NE Uptake 4.Extremely Reinforcing – “5-HT Related”?
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Cocaine Administration 1.“Snorting” – Nasal Mucosa 2.Rapid Absorption 3.I.V. Bolus 4.Tobacco or Free Base, “Crack” 5.Short Acting – 30-60 Minutes. 6.No Physical Dependence. Strong Psychological Dependence
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Flower of the coca plant, Erythroxylum
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Cocaine is extracted from the coca leaf after the leaves are picked and dried.
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Crack, the smokeable form of cocaine provides an immediate “rush”.
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Cocaine Use 1.Local Anesthetic - “Vasoconstrictor” Nose, Throat Surgery 2.“Hospice Mix” - To counteract mental clouding effects of morphine
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Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms and Signs 1.Dysphoria, depression 2.Sleepiness, fatigue 3.Cocaine craving 4.Bradycardia
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PCP 1.“Angel Dust” – Phencyclidine is related to Ketamine “Special K”. 2.Induces Euphoria and Auditory Hallucinations. 3.Used as “Adulterant”.
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PCP is most commonly sold as a power (left), or liquid (center), and applied to a leafy material such as oregano (right) which is then smoked.
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PCP MECHANISM 1.Psychotomimetic effects by acting at NMDA glutamate receptor subtype as a non-competitive antagonist. 2.Open channel blocker where it blocks the NMDA – glutamate subtype channel 3.Physiological effects – hypertension, convulsions, respiratory system. Protect from self-inflicted harm. 4.E.R. – Stabilize cardiovascular and respiratory system. Protect from self-inflicted harm.
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The flowering of Cannabis Sativa
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Marijuana buds are hung out to dry
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Marijuana is still rolled into cigarettes and smoked
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Hallowed out cigars packed with marijuana are called blunts, and are gaining in popularity.
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THC 1.Fat Soluble 2.Slow Excretion 3.Chronic Use – “Motivational Syndrome” 4.Immune System Compromised
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Marijuana Withdrawal Syndrome 1.Restlessness 2.Irritability 3.Mild agitation 4.Insomnia 5.Sleep EEG disturbance 6.Nausea, cramping
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THC IN MEDICINE 1. Antiemetic – Cancer Patients 2. Decrease Intraocular Pressure
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