1. AP World History “Period 4”

2. Periodization Years: 1450 to 1750 Signs of the modern era emerging
Globalization
Exploration and colonization of the Americas
‘Gunpowder’ Empires

3. Signs of Modernity (Change)
Population growth
World population doubles from 1400 to 1800
Commercialization of economies
Urbanization
Stronger centralized states
replaced local control
actively promoted trade, common culture
Military power soars after “gunpowder revolution”

4. Limits of European control
Europeans ruled Americas and controlled sea trade BUT limited power in mainland Asia and Africa
China and Japan controlled European trade and missionary activities
Africans set terms of the slave trade

5. “Late Agrarian Era?”
People and animals provide energy to make things (no Industrial Revolution yet)
Landowning elites still dominant (not middle class)
Most commoners rural peasants (not urban workers)
Kings ruled (not democracies)
Still patriarchal (no women’s rights yet)

6. Major States and Empires c. 1500

7. World Map c. 1750

8. World Migrations

9. World Map 1900

10. The Fifteenth Century

11. Limited Paleolithic Persistence
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Australia
Siberia
Africa and Americas

12. Agricultural Villages
North America
Iroquois Confederacy
Loose confederation that settled disputes peacefully
Valued individual liberty and limited government influence British settlers

13. Agricultural Village Societies
Sub-Saharan Africa
Rival city states
Kingdom of Songhai
Trans-Saharan trade

14. Ming China 1368-1644 Recovery from Mongol rule
Strong central government
Neo-Confucianism
civil service system
Zheng He Armada ( )
7 voyages for diplomacy and trade
discontinued

15. Zheng He

16. Western Europe Recovery from Black Death
State-building: Independent, competitive states
Western European Renaissance
Maritime voyaging, exploration, and colonization

18. Islamic World Ottoman Empire– center of Islamic world Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Songhai Empire
Malacca

20. The Americas
Aztec and Inca Empires

21. Aztec Mexica people migrated south into the Valley of Mexico
1325: small island on Lake Texcoco
Drew upon Toltecs and Teotihuacan
100 years of military conquest of Mesoamerica

23. Aztec Politics Loosely structured city-states Frequent rebellions
Tributary system
Decentralized

24. Tenochtitlan Capital city 200,000 people Kept records of tribute
Temples, pyramids, canals, bridges
“floating gardens”

26. Aztec Religion Human sacrifice
Present in most Mesoamerican (and other) cultures, but most prominent in Aztec
Tlacaelel
Huitzilopochtli- Sun god
Gods gave blood to create mankind man must repay regularly to keep cosmic order (sun rise)

27. Inca Western hemisphere’s largest imperial state
Established by Quechua-speaking people
Drew upon previous Andean civilizations
Moche, Chavin
Expanded by military conquest

28. Inca Politics Centralized, bureaucratic state Divine Right
State owned all resources
Mita system
Provincial system
Record keeping– quipus, knotted cords
Colonization
Voluntary hostage-taking

29. Quipus

30. Inca Society
Polytheism
Human sacrifice
Gender Parallelism
patriarchal