2. What is Neural Plasticity neuroplasticity, brain plasticity, cortical plasticity the ability to reorganize itself by forming or deceasing new neural connections throughout life allow the neurons to compensate for injury and disease to adjust their activities in response to changes in their environment

3. How does Neural Plasticity work How does Neural Plasticity works Synaptic pruning - two directions ： delete and create new connections - closely tied to the ability to learn and remember - each neuron acts independently, but learning new skills requires lots of neurons

4. Features of Neural Plasticity structural and functional changes - not only structure but also function - Several types of brain cells, the neurons, neuroglial cell age determinant - different age with different number of synaptic - Scientists used to believe the body stopped forming new neural cells after mid-childhood(untrue)

5. NameFunction Astrocytes(1)Metabolic support (2)Promotion of the myelinating activity (3)Nervous system repair Ependymal cellshelp circulate that CSF and make up the Blood-CSF barrier Oligodendrocytesproducing myelin sheath: provides insulation to the axon electrical signals to propagate more efficiently. Radial glia(1)including Bergmann glia and Müller cell (2)bidirectional communication with neurons Schwann cells(1)provide myelination to axons in the PNS (2)phagocytotic ： clear cellular debris Satellite cellsregulate the external chemical environment MicrogliaProtect central nervous system

6. two main conditions - the course of normal brain development - an adaptive measure for the compensation necessary ： a result of lost or impaired function or for making the most of a person’s remaining function after an injury to the brain. environment factor - gene, environment response Features of Neural Plasticity

7. Functions of Neural Plasticity Learning and memorizing - brain not stop changing and adjusting - the number of synapses between neurons increases - memory is first restores in short-tem memory - nerve pulse wave stimulates first neuron, then second and lead to long-term memory

8. Compensate the brain - help maximized the functions of the damaged brain - other parts of the brain could compensate the functions - less effective in human brains Change in synaptic efficiency - LTP ： long-term potentiation - LTD ： long-term depression Functions of Neural Plasticity

9. 早期：獨立蛋白質合成晚期：細胞外信號調節 LTP (Long term potentiation) ModulatorTarget β-Adrenergic receptorcAMP, MAPK amplification Nitric oxide synthaseGuanylyl cyclase, PKG, NMDAR Dopamine receptorcAMP, MAPK amplification Metabotropic glutamate receptorPKC, MAPK amplification

10. LTD (Long term depression) mechanism opposite to LTP receptors modest level activate inhibitor1

12. Application Reconstruct brain(or replace other sites) - reading, playing computer games, exercising - reading obstacles, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease - CI, constraint-induced Causes the racism and the sexual discrimination short circuit Still limited