1. Section 2, p. 124-128

2. The cycling of materials  What element is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates? Carbon

3. The cycling of materials  Carbon Cycle The process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms. CO 2 is the main source of carbon in the atmosphere

4. Carbon Cycle

5.  Carbon is released into the atmosphere as CO 2 through: 1. Respiration ○ In animals AND PLANTS 2. Burning of fossil fuels ○ Burning wood, oil, gas, etc.

6. Carbon Cycle  Carbon (CO 2 ) is removed from the atmosphere through: 1. Photosynthesis ○ Plants and protists convert CO 2 to O 2 2. Diffusion into ocean (and other bodies of water) ○ CO 2 gas dissolves into the oceans waters

7. Carbon Cycle  Carbon going back into the earth through: 1. A living organisms death and decomposition ○ Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins over time turn into fossil fuels 2. CO2 diffused in water turn to carbonates ○ Animals such as coral and shelled creatures use this to make their hardened homes/bodies ○ Over time turns into limestone One of the largest carbon sinks of earth

8. Carbon Cycle

9. Next: Carbon Cycle Art

10. Carbon Cycle Art  Objects: Plants Atmosphere CO 2 Water Animals Oxygen Fossil Fuels  Actions: Decomposition Photosynthesis Respiration Combustion (burning) Erosion Dissolving  Draw a depiction of the carbon cycle labeling the movement of carbon throughout the earth and atmosphere with arrows (pg. 124 is helpful)  Words that need to be incorporated in picture:

11. The cycling of materials  Nitrogen Cycle The process by which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms. N 2 (Nitrogen gas) is the main source of nitrogen in the atmosphere

12. Nitrogen Cycle

13.  How do you think the N2 gas in the atmosphere gets deposited in the soil?  Nitrogen (N 2 ) is removed from the atmosphere through: 1. Nitrogen fixation ○ Nitrogen-fixing bacteria turn atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) into ammonia NH3 Many of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants known as legumes -Can you name some legumes? ○ Lightning also fixes nitrogen

14. Nitrogen Cycle

15.  Side note:  Legumes are known to be higher in protein than other plants. Why do you think this is? What are the main building blocks of proteins? ○ What element do they contain?

16. Amino Acids

17. Nitrogen Cycle 2. Nitrification ○ Bacteria take the nitrogen in ammonia and turn it into a form plants can use [ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrates (NO 3 - )]

18. What stations was nitrification taking place at? (hint: 4 of them)  Atmosphere  Surface Water  Rain Water  Groundwater  Fertilizers  Soils  Oceans  Live Animals  Animal Waste  Dead Plants and Animals  Live Plants

19. What stations was nitrification taking place at? (hint: 4 of them)  Atmosphere  Surface Water  Rain Water  Groundwater  Fertilizers  Soils  Oceans  Live Animals  Animal Waste  Dead Plants and Animals  Live Plants

20. Nitrogen Cycle 3. Assimilation The process in which the plants and animals take up the nitrates into their cells

21. Nitrogen Cycle 4. Ammonification The death of a plant or animal or the waste excretion by an animal is the initial form of organic nitrogen Many bacteria and fungi convert this organic nitrogen into ammonium (NH 4 + ) ○ Remember this ammonium can be taken back up by living plants

22. Nitrogen Cycle  Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere as N 2 through: 5. Denitrification Anaerobic bacteria turn nitrates (NO 3 - ) and ammonium into atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) ○ These bacteria are found deep in the soil or near water

23. What stations was denitrification taking place at? (hint: 2 of them)  Atmosphere  Surface Water  Rain Water  Groundwater  Fertilizers  Soils  Oceans  Live Animals  Animal Waste  Dead Plants and Animals  Live Plants

24. What stations was denitrification taking place at? (hint: 2 of them)  Atmosphere  Surface Water  Rain Water  Groundwater  Fertilizers  Soils  Oceans  Live Animals  Animal Waste  Dead Plants and Animals  Live Plants

25. Phosphorus and Nitrogen  Used in fertilizers to optimize plant growth and size  However, excess fertilizer runs off into plants bodies of water  This can result in algal bloom (rapid, overabundant growth of algae)

26. Algal Bloom

28. Nitrogen  Nitric oxide is released in the air from our cars and can form nitric acid in the atmosphere This can lead to acid rain

29. Warm-Up Question 7. Using your notes answer the following: 1. Nitrogen fixation is when… 2. The death of a plant or animal or the waste excretion by an animal is the initial form of ___________ nitrogen 3. The five steps of the nitrogen cycle in order are…  Hand in all warm-up questions