2. The “Roaring Twenties”: A Culture in Conflict The 1920’s was a decade of transition characterized by rural backlash against the material, superficial values of an increasingly urban culture.

3. PRELUDE D EMOBILIZATION R ECESSION S TRIKES P ALMER RAIDS, RED SCARE T ERRORIST BOMBS R ACE RIOTS; KKK

4. Cont’d The flu epidemic Wilson’s stroke the election of 1920

5. HARDING ADMIN. “NORMALCY” CONSERVATIVE SCANDALS TEAPOT DOME, ET AL COOLIDGE “The business of America is business.”

6. POLICIES TARIFFS TAXES TRICKLE-DOWN FARM AID LABOR ERA

7. 1920s CULTURE HARLEM RENAISSANCE MARCUS GARVEY THE LOST GENERATION FLAPPERS CELEBRITIES DUKE ELLINGTON

8. CELEBRITIES GERTRUDE EDERLE JOHNNY WEISMULLER BOBBY JONES GENE TUNNEY, JACK DEMPSEY CHARLES LINDBERGH KNUTE ROCKNE

9. FADS OF THE 20s crossword puzzles dance marathons mahjong flagpole sitting misc. ALVIN “SHIPWRECK” KELLY

10. MISCELLANEOUS * SACCO & VANZETTI * SCOPES TRIAL * AUTOMOBILE * RADIO * BULL MARKET

11. THE GREAT EXPERIMENT THE VOLSTEAD ACT THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT LEGISLATING MORALITY

12. PROHIBITION MYTHS ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BEFORE AND AFTER RATIFICATION (18TH) CRIME OTHER EFFECTS REPEAL (21ST)

13. I. The Impact of World War I Increased power of the Federal Government Partnership forged between business and government The “Great Migration” of southern Blacks Temporary gains for women economically and socially Short-lived economic recession in 1921

14. II. The “Red Scare” Bolsheviks called for worldwide revolution in 1917 Mail bombs in 1919 Attorney-General A. Mitchell Palmer Origins of the Scare J. Edgar Hoover begins career hunting down radicals Creation of the US Communist Party (1919)

15. II. The Red “Scare” (cont.) November raids on alien “radicals” --The “Soviet Ark” More raids in January of 1920 “May Day” hysteria fizzles Legacy = crusade for 100% Americanism Sacco and Vanzetti Case

16. III. A Culture “on the Grow” and “on the Move” Increase of white collar workers “Consumer goods revolution” The automobile: symbol of the second American industrial revolution --Ford Motor Company founded in 1903 The new technology of the moving assembly line

17. III. Culture “on the Move” (cont.) Social protest against the new technology “Multiplier effect” of the auto industry “Democratizing” the automobile Impact of cars on residential housing patterns The reality of traffic fatalities The need for advertising

18. IV. Counter-Attacks from a More Traditional, Rural Culture

19. A. Prohibition Reasons for victory of prohibition advocates Volstead Act (1922) Upper classes flaunted the law A Boost to Organized Crime --Al “Scarface” Capone --St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929) Ultimate failure of prohibition

20. B. Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan Reorganization of the Klan (1915) Advertising techniques of the “consumer revolution” Expanded “hate” list Centered in the midwest Especially strong among southern Democrats The trial of Grand Dragon D.C. Stephenson

21. C. Religious Fundamentalism Definition of “fundamentalism” The Fundamentals (1910) ACLU attack on prohibition against teaching on evolution Scopes “Monkey” Trial—Dayton, TN (1925) Economic implications of the Scopes Trial

22. C. Religious Fundamentalism (cont.) Carnival-like atmosphere around the Trial Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan Bryan’s opposition to the theory of evolution Darrow cross-examined Bryan Results of the Trial Publicity of the Trial hurt fundamentalism

23. D. Immigration Restriction 1917 Literacy Test National Origins Quota Act (1924) Slanted toward favoring “old immigrants” Doors wide open to western hemisphere countries Increased mechanization had reduced need for labor

24. V. The Politics of the 1920’s Nation weary of reform and idealism A return to “normalcy” Progressivism transformed in a dark way A Republican decade Low voter turnout

25. A. The Presidency of Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Compromise choice at stalled Republican convention in 1920 Cox/FDR vs. Harding/Coolidge in 1920 campaign Positive aspects of Harding’s presidency Poor judge of character Scandal-ridden administration

26. A. Harding’s Presidency (cont.) Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon’s favoritism of the rich High Tariffs plus insistence on repayment of European loans Harding’s “Ohio gang” Harding’s oratorical clumsiness

27. A. Harding’s Presidency (cont.) Harding was plagued with self-doubt Wants to please everyone Worked to dismantle progressive reform Death of Harding (August, 1923) Public response to Harding’s death and the decline of his reputation

28. B. The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Coolidge’s passive approach to the presidency Famous for saying very little: “Silent Cal” Built his presidency around conservative business values Demonstrated hostility toward labor unions The Election of 1924

29. B. Coolidge’s Presidency (cont.) Coolidge believed in little government intervention in the economy Farmers became more business-like in their approach to farming

30. C. The Presidency of Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Hoover’s background Coolidge’s Secretary of Commerce Hoover vs. Al Smith in the 1928 election Very able administrator

31. C. Hoover’s Presidency (cont.) Hoover was more progressive and humanitarian than Coolidge Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 Elected during a great time of prosperity, his fortunes will rise and fall with the economy

32. VI. The Culture of the Twenties: A Glittering Surface A “mass” culture Faith in the economy and American business The notion of being very “modern” and “new” Post-war disillusionment with the idea of the progress of civilization --Farewell to Arms (1929) --Waste Land (1922)

33. A. Radio and the Movies First radio station = KDKA (Pittsburgh)— 1920 NBC = first radio network (1926) Average annual movie attendance = 90 million The advent of “talkies” (1927) Disney pioneers in the arena of animation and sound (1928)

34. B. Sports and Fads The “Black Sox” scandal (1919) Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb The Significance of the Negro Leagues College Football and Boxing Beauty Pageants and Crossword puzzles --1 st Miss America (1921)

35. C. Literature and Education Modernist literature explored the irrational and subconscious F. Scott Fitzgerald --The Great Gatsby (1925) Ernest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis --Babbitt (1922) --Main Street (1920) Enrollments and attendance up in all levels of education

36. D. The Importance of Science New findings in physics shook the faith in human reason The significance of Albert Einstein’s theories Limits of Human Knowledge established --Heisenberg’s “Principle of Uncertainty” (1927) Planck’s quantum theory

37. D. The Importance of Science General cultural acceptance of the denial of absolute values Robert Goddard launched the first liquid rocket (1926) The Kelly Act (1925) Lindbergh flies the Atlantic solo in May of 1927 Growth of the airline industry

38. E. “The Sexual Revolution”, Divorce and the “New Woman” Apparent loosening of American sexual mores Sex seen as fun and discussed with frankness Sexual content in magazines, movies and songs Jazz as the musical complement to the era The sexual revolution in literature

39. E. “The Sexual Revolution” (cont.) F. Scott Fitzgerald’s This Side of Paradise (1920) The “flapper” stereotype Sexual revolution more of a sideshow for most American women Triumph of romantic love Changing feminist goals Escalating American divorce rate

40. F. The “Harlem Renaissance” and the “New Negro” The Harlem Renaissance --Langston Hughes “Negro Nationalism” of Marcus Garvey Failure of an Anti- Lynching bill in Congress Key Black Political victories Legal strategy takes shape

41. G. Business and Skyscrapers Americans worshipped material prosperity as they bought in installments Chain stores begin to dominate the market This decade was the age of the “manager” The boom in advertising --Bruce Barton’s The Man Nobody Knows (1925)

42. G. Business and Skyscrapers (cont.) Critics of growing American materialism Skyscrapers as the symbol of the veneration of corporate America Skeletal structure of the skyscraper The Woolworth Building (1913) Period revivalism of these corporate symbols

43. G. Business and Skyscrapers (cont.) The race to build higher The Chrysler Building (1929-1930) The Empire State Building (1931) Skyscrapers offered new opportunities for women professionally

44. G. Business and Skyscrapers (cont.) Era of the richly decorated skyscrapers ended in the early 1930’s New, unornamented modern skyscraper -- “Form follows function” Business and prosperity very prominent on the cultural and political landscape in 1929

45. VII. The Culture of the Twenties: A Rotten Core Problems for farmers during the 1920’s Worker’s wages remained low --Tug River Mine War (1920-1921) Serious misdistribution of American wealth Dangerous personal debt

46. Leaders of the 1920s

47. The decade of the twenties is often referred to as the “ Jazz Age’. However, the term has much as much to do with the jazzy atmosphere of the time as with the music! The Roaring Twenties

48. Jazzy Sounds Prohibition caused many of the jazz musicians to migrate north from New Orleans to Chicago Joe “King” Oliver” was one of the best His claim to fame was hiring Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong

49. Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong is the greatest single figure in the entire history of jazz. The “Hot Five” seen here was one of the hottest groups of the twenties.

50. Jelly Roll Morton Jelly Roll Morton led one of Chicago’s most popular groups He was a piano player, band leader, and show business personality He got the name “Jelly Roll” because he rolled his fingers and his music was sweet

51. Symphonic Jazz George Gershwin wrote both classical and popular music He was the first composer to combine jazz and classical music with Rhapsody in Blue in1924. He followed with An American in Paris in 1928.

52. Jazzy Duds Flappers were typical young girls of the twenties, usually with bobbed hair, short skirts, rolled stockings, and powdered knees! They danced the night away doing the Charleston and the Black Bottom.

53. Jazzy Talk -Twenties Slang Flat Tire - a dull, boring person Gam - a girls leg Gin Mill - A speak easy Hooch - bootleg liquor Hoofer - chorus girl Torpedo - a hired gunman All Wet - wrong Berries - anything wonderful Bee’s Knees - a superb person or thing Big Cheese -an important person Bump Off - to murder Dumb Dora - a stupid girl

54. Twenty - Two Skidoo