1. Russia: Reform and Revolution 1815 to 1910

2. I.) Background of Times A.Russia in mid-1800’s = large amount of land, natural resources, and population and had ideas of expansion! B.Problems: 1. lacked industry 2. landlocked (no port on Mediterranean Sea) 3. wide range of ethnic peoples - Belorussians (west) - Ukranians (south) - Great Russians (north/central)

3. C.Politics: 1. Czar (name given to Russian leader) 2. Autocratic Ruler (holds absolute power) - Alexander I (1801-1825) - Nicholas I (1825-1855) D.Domestic Policy: 1. Censor speech/press 2. Russification: program for non-Russians to adopt language, religion, & customs E.Foreign Policy: 1. Pan-Slavism= unite all Slavic people 2. Expand into Asia & toward Ottoman Empire (aide the Balkan People)

4. II.) Reforms under Czar Alexander II A.In 1855 Alexander II becomes czar of Russia B.Liberal Reforms: 1. Emancipation Edict: 1861 all serfs living in Russia are free Result: cheap source of labor for factories 2. 1864: Creates new local government Result: Zemstvos= councils at provincial & county levels 3. Other reforms: - Reformed the courts, - limited powers of secret police - gave press greater freedom - reorganized military

5. C.Radical groups 1. Nihilists= 1860’s group of middle class & intellectuals revolutionaries 2. Populists= 1870’s group of revolutionaries 3. People’s Will= radical group who carried out terrorism Outcome: - Attempt to assassinate govt. official and czar - killed by terrorist bomb in 1881

6. III.) The Czars of Russia A.In 1881 Alexander III becomes Czar B.Halts all reforms in Russia: (180* turn) - strict censorship - secret police - oppressed nationalist groups - Pogroms (violence against Jews & Muslims) - one language and one church C.In 1894 Nicholas II becomes Czar - Autocratic Rule - Higher taxes & foreign investments Result: rapid industrialization Example: Trans-Siberian Railway= worlds largest continuing railroad (1891-1904)

7. IV.) Unrest Leads to Revolution A.Growth of industry creates larger gap between the rich & poor Outcome: - Russian Marxists lead by Karl Marx believe industrial workers can overthrow the czar: Mensheviks (political overthrow) Bolsheviks (violent overthrow; lead by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin)

8. B.Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) 1.Japan vs. Russia for control of Manchuria & Korea Outcome: -Russia defeated -govt. seen as weak & corrupt C.Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905) 1. 200,000 protestors march w/ petition of rights for workers for Czar Nicholas II to sign 2. Military fires upon crowd killing between 500-1,000 3. Provokes waves of strikes & violence around the country……… “Revolution of 1905”

9. Results: - the Duma created (Russia’s first parliament) - Czar is NOT overthrown……………….......… YET!