1. Nationalism as a Divider
Three examples of how nationalism divided nations.

2. The Russians The Russians were a multi-ethnic society.
They needed autocratic rule to keep things together.
Forced industrialization in the later Tsarist eras.
They promoted Pan-Slavism

3. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!
Begins the process of serf emancipation.

4. Nicolas (Cont.)
Fought Persian War in 1826 and Russo- Turkish War in 1828
Gains Armenia and Balkan territory respectively.

5. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ].
Russification begins

6. Alexander II Oppressive to dissidents Sold Alaska to US.
Russo-Turkey War v
Assassinated by explosives March 13, 1881

7. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile.
“Russification” program continued
Jews  forced migration to the Pale

8. The Crimean War
Fought originally over who controlled Christians in Holy Land – Russia or France.
Really a check on Russia’s continued expansion
Mostly fought in Black Sea / Baltic Sea areas
First “Modern War”
Rifled Barrells, Miniball Bullets, War Correspondents, Pictures, Nurses, Telegraphs, Railroads.

9. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

10. Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?

11. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Battle over Port Arthur – Warm water port in Asia.
Russians lost two major fleets to the Japanes single fleet.
Japanese captured Port Arthur by and decimated the Russians.
Peace treaty – Treaty of Portsmouth – Negotiated by T.R.
Russia lost territory and influence in Asia.

12. Key Result Russia loses tons of money and military power.
Helps cause the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.
Japan becomes emboldened and begins taking over areas left and right.
Japanese and Washington Naval Conference (1905)

13. Hapsburg Empire – Shifting Allegience
Hapsburgs facing multi-ethnic society now enraged with Nationalism – 1848.
Lost Austro-Prussian war in 1866 – humiliating.
Weak Hapsburg ruler ship

14. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag

15. The Ottoman Empire
In 1500’s ’s, under Suleiman and Sultan Osman, the Ottomans were a feared organization
By 1800’s, they were a weak power trying to hang on.
Tried to reform under Mahmud II with the Tanzimat – reform
Modernized factories, modern conscripted army, banking reforms,

16. Loss of Territories and Wars in Late 1800’s
1821 – Greek Independence
1856 – Crimean War Ends
1875 – Serbia, Montenegro, Wallachia, Moldova declare independence
– Lose the Russo-Turkish War
1878 – Bulgaria gains independence
1878 – Cyprus / Egypt to the British
– Armenian Genocide in Turkery – 500,000 to 1.5 million dead

17. Ottoman Nationalism
The loss of colonies, Crimean War, constant fights with British and Russians led to destabilization.
Young Turks
Kemal Attaturk
WWI – sided with Germany over Berlin to Baghdad RR
Arab Revolt, Crimean Revolt, loss in WWI sealed fate of empire.
Changed by 1920 under Treaty of Sevres

18. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”
Created a secular government called the Turkish Republic