2.  Products of incineration  sifting  fine material include ash, metal fragments, glass, unburnt organic substances etc..  residue  all solid material that are left after incineration  remove continuously or in batches

3.  clinker and fly ash  10% is the fused ashes, etc.. is use as component of cement, concrete or road making.  the fly ash comes from the gas scrubbing unit  the quantity of fly ash usually 12 – 15 kg/tonne of refuse  also used in cement making, concrete, brick and road making

4.  suspended particulates  flue gas vented air emitted from a chimney after combustion in burner. It can include nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides, water vapor, sulfur dioxides, particles and many chemical pollutants (FSL)

5.  the equipments used to remove are:  the fabric filter – almost 100% efficiency  electronic precipitations -96 – 100% efficiency

6.  wet scrubbers – 94 – 97%  cyclones – 60 – 65%  settling chamber – 10 – 30%  wetted baffle spray – 10 – 53%

7.  waste gas  removed via the stack  the high and diameter depends amount of climatic and lanscaping of the area

8.  heavy metal  found in the stack gas, bottom ash, filter dust or in salt and sludges from dust cleaning  the heavy metal are:  Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, F, Pb, Hg, Ni, S and Zn.

9. Fraction % Stack gas % Bottom ash % Filter dust % Salt and sludges from gas cleaning % Cadmium0.0411853.6 Chlorine0.1291576 Chromium0.01945.80.27 Copper0.01954.90.53 Fluorine1.5693.026 Lead0.0175240.9 Mercury2.175.186 Nickel0.0487130.61 Sulphur0.47501040 Zinc0.0549510.7

10.  Acid Gas  SO 2, HCL and HF can be remove by three methods  wet method  Dry method  semi dry method  Wet method  Pollutions are removed by large quantities of slaked lime or aqueous sodium hydroxide in Ventury scrubbing system

11.  The limestone mixed by two ways:  with the waste before incineration  introduce separately into the furnace  Semi dry method  used a spray of lime (CaO) mixed with water into the flue gas flow

12.  Organic pollutant – high level of toxicity  Persistence in the environment  The emission of dioxin can be control with further treated of flue gas by;  adsorption onto activated carbon filters  catalyst uses:  mix metal oxide catalyst  destroy the dioxin by reaction with O 2

13.  NO x controlled by in fluidised bed incinerator by controlling the amount of air inlet to the cobustion process  Where NO x production cannot be prevented, it is remove by the injection of urea or ammonia into the flue gas.

14.  Advantages of incineration  incineration is sanitary, odourless and dustless  residue only 20% of the original weight and can be used for making cement and other materials for construction industry  require very little space and very few personnel

15.  can be located centrally even within the town and reducing transportation costs.  energy production and other by-product could generated revenue  ash and other residue are pathogen-free  pre sorting and recycle could be incorporated and this reduces the volume to be incinerated

16.  Disadvantages of incineration  high capital cost and high operating cost  take time to plan, design construction  require skill personnel  disposal of ash require landfill  may cause air pollution and long term environmental effect

17. THANK YOU