1. Muscles of the upper and lower limbs Appendicular Muscles
Upper limb muscles have 3 major groups
Lower limb muscles are the largest

2. Upper limb Muscles 3 groups
The first group arises from the shoulder girdle and insert into the humerus
The second group encloses the humerus and insert into the forearm bones causing movement at the elbow joint
The third group is the muscles of the forearm which insert into the hand and wrist

3. Upper limb Muscles Group 1 Group 2 Already discussed Biceps brachii
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Dletoid
Group 2
Biceps brachii
Most familiar muscle
Two origin in the shoulder girdle
Inserts into the radial tuberosity
Prime mover of the forearm flexion and supinates the forearm

5. Upper limb Muscles Group 2 Brachialis Brachioradialis
Deep to the biceps muscle and is a synergist to the biceps muscle in forearm movement
Brachioradialis
Weak muscle
Arises on the humerus
Inserts into the distal forearm

8. Upper limb muscles Group 2 Triceps brachii
Only posterior muscle on the humerus
Has 3 heads
Origin in the shoulder girdle and proximal humerus
Inserts into the olecranon process of the ulna
Extends the forearm at the elbow

10. Upper limb muscles Group 3 Supinator muscle Pronator teres
Under the upper posterior portion of the radius
Works synergistically with the biceps brachii to supinate the hand
Pronator teres
Located on the upper medial side of the forearm
Origin is in the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Inserts on the upper lateral shaft of the radius
Pronates the hand

13. Upper limb muscles Group 3 Pronator quadratus
Extends between the ulna and the radius
Origin is on the ulna, inserts on the radius
Works synergistic with the pronator teres and rotates the palm

15. Lower limb muscles Divided into 3 groups Movement of the hip
Movement of the knee
Movement of the foot

16. Lower limb muscles Group 1 Gluteus maximus
Superficial muscle of the hip
Forms the buttock
Hip extensor
Not important in walking, but is important when power is needed for climbing
Origin is in the sacrum and iliac
Inserts into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur

18. Lower limb muscles Group 1 Gluteus medius
Runs from the ilium to the femur
Beneath the gluteus maximus
Hip abductor
Steadies the plevis during walking
Used for injections

20. Lower limb muscles Group 1 iliopsoas Fused muscle
Iliacus
Psoas major
Prime mover of the hip flexion
Keeps the upper body from falling backwards

22. Lower limb muscles Group 1 Adductor muscles Group of muscles
Medial side of each thigh
Press the thighs together

23. Lower limb muscles Group 2 Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
Quadriceps group
Sartorius – obliquely crosses the anterior aspect of the thigh. It arises from the anterior superior spine of the ilium and extends medially to insert into the proximal medial surface of the tibia
Acts on the hip and knee joints

24. Lower limb muscles Group 2
Quadriceps femoris – composite of 4 distinct muscles
Have separate origins, but a common insertion via the patella tendon
Function synergistically to extend the leg
Rectus femoris – occupies a superficial position, functions with both the hip and the knee

25. Lower limb muscles Group 2 Muscles of the hamstring group
Vastus lateralis – the largest muscle of the quadriceps femoris, extends the knee
Vastus medialis – occupies the medial position along the thigh, extends the knee
Vastus intermedius – lies deep to the previous 2 muscles, extends the knee
Muscles of the hamstring group
Biceps femoris – occupies the posterior lateral aspect of the thigh, flexes the knee and moves the hip joint. It has a superficial long head and a deep short head

27. Lower limb muscles Group 2 Muscles of the hamstring group
Semitendinosus – is a fusiform muscle and is located on the posterior medial aspect of the thigh
Works over 2 joints, the medial rotation of the leg (hip) and flexion of the lower leg
Semimembranous – is deep to the semitendinosus, synergistic to the semitendinosus

29. Lower limb muscles Group 3 Muscles that move the foot (crural muscles)
3 groups of crural muscles
Anterior crural muscles – tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius
Lateral crural muscles – peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Posterior crural muscles – gastrocnemius, soleus [triceps surae], plantaris, popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior