1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Our Place in the Universe

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A large, glowing ball of gas that generates heat and light through nuclear fusion Star

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Planet A moderately large object that orbits a star; it shines by reflected light. Planets may be rocky, icy, or gaseous in composition. Uranus Mars

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Moon (or satellite) An object that orbits a planet Ganymede (orbits Jupiter)

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Asteroid A relatively small and rocky object that orbits a star Mathilde

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Comet A relatively small and icy object that orbits a star

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Solar (Star) System A star and all the material that orbits it, including its planets and moons

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nebula An interstellar cloud of gas and/or dust

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Galaxy A great island of stars in space, all held together by gravity and orbiting a common center M31, the Great Galaxy in Andromeda M31, the great galaxy in Andromeda

10. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe One difference between the terms solar system and galaxy is that: A.the solar system contains only one star but the galaxy contains many billions. B.the solar system contains planets, but the galaxy does not. C.other galaxies are rare, but other solar systems are common. D.other solar systems are rare, but other galaxies are common.

11. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe One difference between the terms solar system and galaxy is that: A.the solar system contains only one star but the galaxy contains many billions. B.the solar system contains planets, but the galaxy does not. C.other galaxies are rare, but other solar systems are common. D.other solar systems are rare, but other galaxies are common.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Universe The sum total of all matter and energy; that is, everything within and between all galaxies

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Definition: Light-Year The distance light can travel in 1 year About 10 trillion kilometers (6 trillion miles)

14. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: A.The Sun, the Milky Way, Alpha Centauri, Pluto, the Andromeda galaxy B.The Sun, Alpha Centauri, Pluto, the Andromeda galaxy, the Milky Way C.The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy D.Pluto, the Sun, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy

15. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: C. The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy The sun – a star ~93 million miles away ~150 million kilometers ~ 8 light-minutes

16. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: C. The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy Pluto – a “dwarf planet” ~3 billion miles away ~48 billion kilometers ~ 4.5 light hours

17. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: C. The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy Alpha Centauri – a star ~26,000 billion miles away ~4.2 x 10 13 kilometers ~ 4.5 light years

18. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: C. The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy Milky Way – a galaxy ~200 billion stars ~100,000 light years across ~ 27,000 light years to center

19. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Put these objects in the correct order, from nearest to farthest from Earth: C. The Sun, Pluto, Alpha Centauri, the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy Andromeda – another galaxy ~400 billion stars ~2.5 million light years away

20. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Which is farther, the distance from San Francisco to Los Angeles, or the distance from you to the International Space Station, when it passes directly overhead? A.San Francisco – LA is further B.The space station is further

21. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Which is farther, the distance from San Francisco to Los Angeles, or the distance from you to the International Space Station, when it passes directly overhead? A.San Francisco – LA is further!! B.The space station is further

22. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how large would the Earth be? A.The size of an orange B.The size of a marble C.The size of the point of a ballpoint pen D.The size of a bacterium

23. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how large would the Earth be? A.The size of an orange B.The size of a marble C.The size of the point of a ballpoint pen D.The size of a bacterium

24. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how large would the Earth be? A.The size of an orange B.The size of a marble C.The size of the point of a ballpoint pen D.The size of a bacterium

25. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away would the Earth be? A.6 inches B.1 foot C.5 feet D.40 feet E.1 mile

26. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away would the Earth be? A.6 inches B.1 foot C.5 feet D.40 feet E.1 mile

27. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away would Pluto be? A.100 feet B.200 feet C.2,000 feet D.10 miles

28. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away would Pluto be? A.100 feet B.200 feet C.2,000 feet D.10 miles

29. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away would Pluto be? A.100 feet B.200 feet C.2,000 feet D.10 miles

30. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away should you put another grapefruit to represent Alpha Centauri, the next nearest star? A.10 feet B.1,000 feet C.1 mile D.10 miles E.1,500 miles

31. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe In a scale model solar system that used a grapefruit to represent the Sun, how far away should you put another grapefruit to represent Alpha Centauri, the next nearest star? A.10 feet B.1,000 feet C.1 mile D.10 miles E.1,500 miles

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How can we know what the universe was like in the past? Light travels at a finite speed ( 186,000 miles/second = 300,000 km/s). DestinationLight travel time Moon1 second Sun8 minutes Sirius8 years Andromeda Galaxy2.5 million years

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How can we know what the universe was like in the past? We see objects as they were in the past: The farther away we look in distance, the further back we look in time. Look far enough away, and we look back in time to when the universe was much younger…

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Example: This photo shows the Andromeda Galaxy as it looked about 2 ½ million years ago.

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. At great distances, we see objects as they were when the universe was much younger.

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How big is the universe? The Milky Way is one of about 100 billion galaxies. 10 11 stars/galaxy  10 11 galaxies = 10 22 stars It has as many stars as grains of (dry) sand on all Earth’s beaches.

37. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How is Earth moving in our solar system? Contrary to our perception, we are not “sitting still.” We are moving with the Earth in several ways, and at surprisingly fast speeds.

38. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth rotates on its axis: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

39. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth rotates on its axis: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

40. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How is Earth moving in our solar system? Earth rotates around its axis once every day.

41. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth revolves around the Sun: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

42. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth revolves around the Sun: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

43. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth orbits the Sun (revolves) once every year… at an average distance of 1 AU ≈ 150 million km. with Earth’s axis tilted by 23.5º (pointing to Polaris). and rotates in the same direction it orbits, counter- clockwise as viewed from above the North Pole.

44. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe The Moon revolves around Earth: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

45. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe The Moon revolves around Earth: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a moonth D.Once a year E.Once every 250,000 years

46. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth revolves around the Milky Way Galaxy: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 230 million years

47. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Earth revolves around the Milky Way Galaxy: A.Once a day B.Once a week C.Once a month D.Once a year E.Once every 230 million years

48. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Our Sun moves randomly relative to the other stars in the local solar neighborhood… at typical relative speeds of more than 70,000 km/hr but stars are so far away that we cannot easily notice their motion … and it orbits the galaxy every 230 million years.

49. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Are we ever sitting still? Earth rotates on axis: > 1,000 km/hr Earth orbits Sun: > 100,000 km/hr Solar system moves among stars: ~ 70,000 km/hr Milky Way rotates: ~ 800,000 km/hr Milky Way moves in Local Group Universe expands

50. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Why do we not feel or sense the various motions of Earth in the universe? A.They are not real, they are just models B.They are too slow to sense C.They are nearly uniform, and you can not sense uniform velocity, only acceleration, which is a change of velocity or direction

51. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Why do we not feel or sense the various motions of Earth in the universe? A.They are not real, they are just models B.They are too slow to sense C.They are nearly uniform, and you can not sense uniform velocity, only acceleration, which is a change of velocity or direction

52. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Suppose that, at this very moment, students are studying astronomy on planets in Andromeda. Could they know that we exist here on Earth? A.Yes, because we can see stars in Andromeda, so they can see us in the Milky Way. B.No, the light from the solar system has not yet reached Andromeda. C.No, the light from the solar system that has reached Andromeda came from a time before Earth had formed. D.No, radio signals from terrestrial civilizations have not yet reached Andromeda. E.Yes, in principle. With sufficiently powerful telescopes, they should be able to see man-made features such as the Great Wall of China on Earth’s surface.

53. Chapter 1: Our Place in the Universe Suppose that, at this very moment, students are studying astronomy on planets in Andromeda. Could they know that we exist here on Earth? D. No, radio signals from terrestrial civilizations have not yet reached Andromeda.