1. 1. Portugal Attacks Africa 1.Portuguese want to trade to get richer (esp w/ China & India) 2.“Discovered Africa’s & India’s riches (spices / porcelain / ivory….eventually gold & slaves) 3.Africans don’t have as much desire to trade (guns / pans)……Portuguese use force 4.Destruction of coastal cities / population decrease for Africans 5.Portuguese disrupt established trading routes between Africa - Asia

2. 2. Spain Attacks the Americas 1.Spain colonizes the Americas 2.Gold & silver in exchange for diseases 3.England / France / Holland also involved in colonization around the world 4.Colonization gets raw materials / labor for luxury goods / eventually markets 5.Gold / silver / palm oil / rubber / timber AND Sugar / tea / coffee / cocoa / timber / tobacco / cotton

3. 3. Africans Stolen 1.Natives die in mines / plantations or resisted 2.“Middle Passage” was 3,000 miles of misery & death 3.Some Africans were “confederates” in the process……creates long-term hatreds between tribes 4.Africa focuses on Europe’s needs / slow development 5.Decimation of generations

4. 4. Resistance to Oppression 1.Tupac leads Peruvian indians vs Spaniards in 1780s 2.Chileans battle until 1890s 3.Native american resistance in US over at Wounded Knee (1890s) 4.Superior firepower and diseases = European victory 5.Europe gets $$$$$$$

5. 5. Types of Colonialism 1.Migration: Europeans move to the country (Brits in N. America / Australia / N. Zealand) 2.Merchant colonies: joint-stock companies (Jamestown / Brits in India / Dutch) 3.Settler colonies can rebel: USA 4.Merchant colonies rebel too: L’Ouverture in Haiti / Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico / Simon Bolivar in LA 5.Europe’s focus shifts to other parts of the world

6. 6. 2 nd colonial Period 1.Colonization - Industrial Revolution – colonization cycle 2.Outposts become settlements: infrastructure / religion / language 3.Brits – India / Dutch – Indonesia / French - Indochina 4.Conference of Berlin in ‘85 carves up Africa (except?) 5.Resource extraction becomes an efficient machine: 75,000 elephants a year = 100- 500 tons of ivory! 6.Destruction of wildlife / land /people / villages / ways of life

7. 7. Forced Labor & Cash Crops 1.Taxing forces natives to switch to cash crops 2.Traditional ways of life banned / disappear 3.Infrastructure improvements increase the rate of destruction & are often built with forced labor 4.Belgians in the Congo: King Leopold kills 5-8 million for rubber 5.Colonies provide markets / banned from own industry (cotton in Egypt & India) 6.Colonies become dependent “monocultures”…… susceptible to economic disasters

8. 8. Resistance Continues 1.1898 Sudanese massacre of 20,000 by Brits 2.“Boxer Rebellion” in China 3.US “conquers” native people and Mexico/Guam/Cuba/Phillipines……. 4.Creation of “bad-will” 5.WW2 liberates many colonies (India-Pakistan), Africa, Vietnam 6.Former colonies still dependent monocultures w/o industry 7.“Neo-colonialism” extends their poverty today