1. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges I. *Components: Anchorage (blocks or tunnel type), towers, main cables, hangers, stiffened (box) girder and deck, substructure and foundation II. Form: an arch upside down or the shape of a catenary 1 Monday, October 12, 2015Monday, October 12, 2015Monday, October 12, 2015Monday, October 12, 2015

2. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  *III. Anchorage 3.1 The anchorage, constructed as a concrete block or by tunneling the ground, forms a giant weight to anchor the bridge and transmit the tension generated through the cables firmly to ground. 3.2 The anchorage type is determined by the terrain where the anchorage points are constructed.  2 Monday, October 12, 2015

3. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  III. Anchorage 3.3 A general type anchorage that supports unidirectional forces transmitting through cables. (One block for one bridge).  3 Monday, October 12, 2015

4. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  III. Anchorage 3.4 An anchorage of a type that supports bi- directional forces transmitting through cables. (One block for two bridges) __located between two bridges and serving as two anchorage points. __cable strands crossing each other in the air before entering the anchorage. 4 Monday, October 12, 2015

5. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  III. Anchorage 3.4 Bi-directional forces transmitting type __The Kurushima Kaikyo Bridge use four anchorages for which three types of forms are employed. 5 Monday, October 12, 2015

6. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  III. Anchorage 3.5.1 A tunnel type anchorage which allows minimum alterations to be made to the existing landform. 6 Monday, October 12, 2015 Monday, October 12, 2015

7. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  III. Anchorage 3.5.2 Cable anchor frames securing the cables to the tunnels. 7 Monday, October 12, 2015 Monday, October 12, 2015

8. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  IV. Tower 4.1 The main tower functions to transmit forces through the cables and into the main tower foundation. 8 Monday, October 12, 2015

9. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  IV. Tower 4.1 The towers can be prefabricated in the plants or cast in situ.The blocks for the main tower were fabricated at the shop in blocks 6 m in length. The blocks are erected in the field using a climbing type of tower crane in building- block fashion to form the main tower. 9 Monday, October 12, 2015

10. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  IV. Tower 4.1 Towers of Kurushima Kaikyo Bridge: The blocks for the main tower were fabricated at the shop in blocks 6 m in length. The blocks are erected in the field using a climbing type of tower crane in building-block fashion to form the main tower. 10 Monday, October 12, 2015

11. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  V. Cables 5.1 Cables usu. of high tensile steel wires support bridge girders and other loads, including vehicle loads, and transmit these dead and live loads into the anchorage points. 5.2 Wires, strands, and ropes 11 Monday, October 12, 2015

12. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  V. Cables 5.2 Wires, strands, and ropes 5.2.1Galvanized bridge wire for parallel wire bridge cables. Recommended diameter.196 inch. 5.2.2 Galvanized bridge strand--consists of several bridge wires, of various diameters twisted together. 5.2.3Galvanized bridge rope-- consists of six strands twisted around a strand core. 12 Monday, October 12, 2015

13. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.3 Types of Cables 5.3.1 Parallel wire cables: This type of cable is made up of a large number of individual wires parallel to one another. Neither the cables nor the wires are twisted in any manner. The wire is shipped to the site of the bridge on reels and the individual wires are installed or' "spun" on the bridge and later compacted together to form a round cross­section. Cables of this type are used on monumental structures, such as the Golden Gate Bridge and the George Washington Bridge. 13 Monday, October 12, 2015

14. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.3.2 Parallel Strand Cables, Closed Construction--These consist of several prefabricated Galvanized Bridge Strands, all laid parallel and in contact with one another. Wood or aluminum fillers are used to bring the cable to a circular cross-section, after which the whole cable is wrapped with wire for protection. The cable may contain 7, 19 37, 61, 91 or 127 strands. 14 Monday, October 12, 2015

15. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.3.3 Parallel Strand Cables, Open Construction- -This type of cable consists of several prefabricated galvanized bridge Strands which are all laid parallel to one another and not in contact. The strands are usually arranged in the form of a rectangle and the cable may contain 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24 or 30 strands. 15 Monday, October 12, 2015

16. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.3.4 Parallel Rope Cables, Open Construction-- These are the same as Parallel Strand Cables except that Galvanized Bridge Rope is used in place of Bridge Strand. 16 Monday, October 12, 2015

17. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.3.5 Single Rope or Single Strand Cables-- These are used for small structures. 17 Monday, October 12, 2015

18. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.4 A single-stranded cable with a hexagonal in cross section is formed by tying together 127 high-tension galvanized steel wires each about 5 mm in diameter. (as used for Kurushima Kaikyo Bridge) 18 Monday, October 12, 2015

19. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges

20.  V. Cables 5.5 Erecting cables 20 Monday, October 12, 2015

21. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.6 Squeezing the cables __After all the strands are laid, they are squeezed to form one single cable with a circular cross section. __The strands are first tapped manually using a wooden maul to form a cable roughly circular and then squeezed using a hydraulic squeezing machine to form a circular cross section. 21 Monday, October 12, 2015

22. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges 5.7 Cable strength 5.7.1 Strength of cables One single steel wire (about 5 mm in diameter) is strong enough to hoist three passenger cars (1.2 tons each), and one stranded cable (consisting of 127 steel strands) is strong enough to hoist six space shuttles (74 tons each). 5.7.2 Length of cables The main cables for the Kurushima Kaikyo Bridges weigh 16,000 tons, and the strands are long enough to run round the earth two and one half times. 22 Monday, October 12, 2015

23. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  VI. Stiffening Girder 6.1 The stiffening girder functions as a driveway for vehicles. The girder was designed with a cross section in the shape of a slim box to reduce vibrations in strong winds to a minimum. 23 Monday, October 12, 2015

24. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  VI. Stiffening Girder 6.2 Erecting box girder with barge Stiffening girder sections, each 36m in length, are prefabricated in the plant and loaded on a self- propelled barge for transport to a site directly below each erection points. There they are lifted into position by a lifting beam and secured to hanger ropes. 24 Monday, October 12, 2015

25. Bridge Engineering (9-1) Suspension Bridges  VII. Features of suspension bridges 7.1. Aesthetic, light, and strong 7.2 Span range: 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- far longer than any other kind of bridge 7.3 Most expensive to build 7.4 Complicated in force bearing and distribution 25 Monday, October 12, 2015