1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 25 The Reproductive System

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Reproductive System A. Primary sex organs – site of gamete (sex cell) formation 1. Testes - sperm 2. Ovaries - eggs B. Accessory sex organs 1. Glands 2. External genitalia

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Gross Anatomy of Testes A. Testes are located within the scrotum 1. scrotum – a sac in which the testes are located a. skin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes b. provides an environment 3  C cooler than body temperature 2. dartos muscle - is a layer of smooth muscle a. is responsible for wrinkling of scrotal skin 3. cremaster muscle - skeletal muscle surrounding the testes a. elevates the testes

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Rectum Anus Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Scrotum Testis Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Prostate Seminal gland (vesicle)

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Spermatic cord Penis Cremaster muscle Scrotum Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Skin

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4. tunica vaginalis – a serous sac enclosing the testes 5. tunica albuginea – a fibrous capsule of the testes a. divides each testis into 250–300 lobules b. lobules contain 1–4 coiled seminiferous tubules 6. epididymis – “comma-shaped” structure on posterior testis a. site of sperm maturation and storage b. has a head, body, duct and tail

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Spermatic cord Penis Skin Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) Tunica albuginea of testis Epididymis

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Efferent ductule Rete testis Straight tubule Body of epididymis Duct of epididymis Tail of epididymis Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Testis Seminiferous tubule Lobule Septum Tunica albuginea Tunica vaginalis Cavity of tunica vaginalis

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Epididymis Testis Ductus (vas) deferens

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cross-section through Seminiferous Tubule Areolar connective tissue Interstitial endocrine cells Myoid cells Spermatogenic cells in tubule epithelium Sperm Sustentocyte Seminiferous tubule

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Microscopic Anatomy of the Testes A. Seminiferous tubules – site of spermatogenesis 1. spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells a. 400 million sperm produced each day b. begins at puberty – takes 75 days to produce new sperm c. cells undergo meiosis ► spermatogonia - stem cells ► primary spermatocytes ► secondary spermatocytes ► spermatids ► sperm

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. columnar sustentocytes - supporting cells a. surround spermatogenic cells b. extend from basal lamina to the lumen c. tight junctions between cells - blood testis barrier d. secrete testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein 3. myoid cells—surround seminiferous tubules 4. interstitial endocrine cells - secrete testosterone

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Epididymis A. Duct of the epididymis is 6 m long (when uncoiled!!!) B. Dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium 1. has tufts of stereocilia - immotile, long microvilli C. 20-day journey for sperm to move through 1. gain the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Efferent ductule Rete testis Straight tubule Body of epididymis Duct of epididymis Tail of epididymis Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Testis Seminiferous tubule Lobule Septum Tunica albuginea Tunica vaginalis Cavity of tunica vaginalis

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Ductus (Vas) Deferens A. Stores and transports sperm B. Hisotology of the ductus deferens 1. epithelium - pseudostratified columnar 2. thick muscularis layer

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Peritoneum Rectum Anus Ureter Urinary bladder Pubis Urogenital diaphragm Prostatic urethra Intermediate part of the urethra Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) External urethral orifice Scrotum Testis Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Bulb of penis Bulbo-urethral gland Prostate Ejaculatory duct Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal gland (vesicle)

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. VI. The Spermatic Cord A. Contains 1. ductus deferens 2. testicular blood vessels 3. nerves B. Superior part runs through inguinal canal 1. inguinal canal is common location for hernias in males

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Spermatic cord Penis Septum of scrotum Cremaster muscle External spermatic fascia Scrotum Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Skin Autonomic nerve fibers Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) Tunica albuginea of testis Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Testicular artery

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inguinal hernia in the inguinal canal of male External oblique muscle and aponeurosis Inguinal ligament Deep inguinal ring Spermatic cord in inguinal canal Superficial inguinal ring Spermatic cord in scrotum Testis Herniated intestine in the inguinal canal and scrotum Small intestine

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. VII. The Urethra A. Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to “outside” B. Three parts of male urethra 1. prostatic urethra 2. intermediate part of urethra 3. spongy urethra (penis)

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Prostate Root of penis Body of penis Glans penis Orifices of prostatic ducts Intermediate part of urethra Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urogenital diaphragm Bulbo-urethral duct opening Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Spongy urethra Prepuce (foreskin) Seminal gland Bulbo-urethral gland and duct Bulb of penis Crus of penis Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Section of (b) Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum External urethral orifice Urethra Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Dorsal vessels and nerves Skin Deep arteries

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. seminal glands 1. lie on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder 2. secrete fluid that is 60% of the volume of semen a. fructose to nourish sperm b. substances to enhance sperm motility c. prostaglandins d. substances that suppress immune response against semen e. enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen VIII. Accessory Glands - Male

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. B. Prostate 1. encircles the prostatic urethra 2. consists of 20–30 compound tubuloalveolar glands 3. secretes about 25–30% of seminal fluid 4. common site of cancer in males 5. can be palpated (touched) through the rectum C. bulbo-urethral glands 1. pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland 2. produce a mucus - enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation a. neutralizes traces of acidic urine b. lubricates urethra

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Prostate Root of penis Body of penis Glans penis Orifices of prostatic ducts Intermediate part of urethra Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urogenital diaphragm Bulbo-urethral duct opening Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Spongy urethra Prepuce (foreskin) Seminal gland Bulbo-urethral gland and duct Bulb of penis Crus of penis Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Section of (b) Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum External urethral orifice Urethra Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Dorsal vessels and nerves Skin Deep arteries

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Submucosal glands Main glands Connective tissue capsule Fibromuscular stroma Anterior Mucosal glands Urethra Pubic symphysis Prostate Rectum Bladder

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. External anatomy 1. shaft – body of the penis 2. glans penis – the “head” of the penis – dome shaped 3. prepuce – “foreskin” (removed during circumcision) B. Internal anatomy - three erectile bodies; fill with blood on erection 1. one corpus spongiosum - surrounds spongy urethra 2. two coropora cavernosa - contain sinuses C. Nervous control 1. parasympathetic – erection 2. sympathetic - ejaculation IX. Accessory Glands - Male

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Prostate Root of penis Body of penis Glans penis Orifices of prostatic ducts Intermediate part of urethra Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urogenital diaphragm Bulbo-urethral duct opening Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Spongy urethra Seminal gland Bulbo-urethral gland and duct Bulb of penis Crus of penis Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Section of (b) Prepuce (foreskin) External urethral orifice

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The male perineum Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity Anus Coccyx Scrotum Penis

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Produces gametes (ova) B. Prepares to support a developing embryo C. Undergoes changes according to the menstrual cycle 1. menstrual cycle - affects all female reproductive organs D. Organs: ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus and vagina X. Accessory Glands - Female

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Peritoneum Rectum Anus Urogenital diaphragm Greater vestibular gland External urethral orifice Urethra Pubic symphysis Urinary bladder Labium majus Labium minus Hymen Clitoris Mons pubis Vesicouterine pouch Round ligament Uterus Fimbriae Ovary Uterine tube Infundibulum Suspensory ligament of ovary Vagina Anterior fornix Cervix Posterior fornix Rectouterine pouch Perimetrium Uterosacral ligament

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Small, almond-shaped organs - produce ova through oogenesis B. Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries 1. broad ligament 2. suspensory ligament 3. ovarian ligament C. Ovarian arteries - arterial supply D. Innervated by both divisions of the ANS XI. Ovaries

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Tunica albuginea 1. fibrous capsule of the ovary 2. covered in simple columnar epithelium B. Ovarian cortex – site of developing oocytes C. Follicles - multicellular sacs housing oocytes D. Ovarian medulla - loose connective tissue 1. contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves XII. Internal Structure - Ovaries

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea Cortex Medulla Antrum of a mature ovarian follicle Secondary follicle Primary follicles

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Receive oocyte during ovulation B. Parts of the uterine tube 1.infundibulum - distal end of uterine tube a. urrounded by fimbriae 2. ampulla - middle third of uterine tube a. usual site of fertilization 3. isthmus - medial third of uterine tube XIII. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Lies anterior to rectum - posterior to bladder B. Parts of the uterus 1. fundus - rounded superior portion 2. cervix - “neck” of uterus a. cervical canal - communicates with vagina inferiorly b. internal os - opening connecting with uterine cavity c. external os - inferior opening of cervix XIV. Uterus

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. C. Uterus is supported by: 1. mesometrium - anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls 2. cardinal ligaments - horizontal from cervix and vagina 3. round ligaments - bind uterus to the anterior pelvic wall D. The layers of the uterine wall: 1. perimetrium - serous layer - is the peritoneum 2. myometrium - interlacing bundles of smooth muscle 3. endometrium - mucosal lining of uterine cavity

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Consists of three coats: 1. adventitia - fibrous connective tissue 2. muscularis - smooth muscle 3. mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium B. Hymen - an incomplete diaphragm C. Fornix - recess formed at the superior part of the vagina XV. Vagina

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Peritoneum Rectum Anus Urogenital diaphragm Greater vestibular gland External urethral orifice Urethra Pubic symphysis Urinary bladder Labium majus Labium minus Hymen Clitoris Mons pubis Vesicouterine pouch Round ligament Uterus Fimbriae Ovary Uterine tube Infundibulum Suspensory ligament of ovary Vagina Anterior fornix Cervix Posterior fornix Rectouterine pouch Perimetrium Uterosacral ligament

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian blood vessels Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Fundus of uterus Ovary Lumen (cavity) of uterus Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix CervixVagina External os Cervical canal Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Round ligament of uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum Isthmus Ampulla Uterus Uterine tube

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Mons pubis 1. overlies the pubic symphysis 2. pubic hair covers after puberty B. Labia majora 1. homologue of the male scrotum in embryology 2. encloses the labia minora C. Vestibule 1. space between the labia minora 2. houses opening to urethra and vagina XVI. External Genitalia

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. D. Clitoris 1. Anterior to vestibule 2. Is erectile tissue 3. Homologous to the penis E. Female perineum 1. anterior boundary - pubic arch 2. posterior boundary - coccyx 3. lateral boundaries - ischial tuberosities

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mons pubis Prepuce of clitoris Clitoris (glans) Vestibule Anus Labia majora Labia minora External urethral orifice Hymen (ruptured) Vaginal orifice Opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Anus Inferior pubic ramus Bulb of vestibule Pubic symphysis Body of clitoris, containing corpora cavernosa Clitoris (glans) Crus of clitoris External urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Greater vestibular gland

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. XVII. Mammary Glands A. Major structures 1. areola – dark patch of skin on surface 2. nipple – orifice for delivery of milk 3. lobes – site of glands for milk production a. lobule – small structures within each lobe b. lactiferous duct – carries milk from each lobule c. lactiferous sinus – small chamber next to the nipple 4. suspensory ligaments – surround each lobule a. become stretched when lump is present (e.g. cancer) b. results in indentation of the skin above

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Intercostal muscles Hypodermis (superficial fascia) First rib Adipose tissue Pectoralis major muscle Skin (cut) Suspensory ligament Lobe Areola Nipple Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Malignancy Mammogram procedure Film of normal breast Film of breast with tumor