1. Pest Management Methods Lecture 15

2. Student Learning Outcomes  Outline what methods are appropriate for managing stored-product pests  Think of ways you can combine different pest management methods  Assessment by instructor:  Ability to answer quizzes and second lecture exam questions

3. Steps in Using an IPM Strategy  Identification of the problem  Assessment of damage  Cost-benefit analysis  Selection of management tactics  Implementation of management tactics  Efficacy assessment  Follow-up periodic assessment

4. IPM Tactics  Do nothing!  Regulations  Host resistance  Biological control  Pathogens  Cultural techniques  Physical and mechanical techniques  Chemical modification of behavior  Disruption of physiology

5. Do Nothing  What pest have you identified?  Is the pest really doing harm?  How much damage can be sustained without an economic loss?  In a successful pest management program, only monitoring for the resulting pest population may be needed

6. Regulatory Control  Quarantine: limits movement of a pest  Eradication: must be applied to relatively small geographic areas  Suppression: limits pest levels over large geographic areas

7. Host Resistance  Non-preference: host characteristics that lead away from the use of host for food  Antibiosis: deleterious effects on pest survival resulting from feeding on a resistant host  Tolerance: ability of a host to support a pest population that would be damaging to a susceptible host  Use in stored products is limited!

8. Biological Control  Introduction of natural enemies of the pest  Conservation of natural enemies by careful use of insecticides  Augmentation of natural enemies to increase their numbers by manipulating the environment

9. Pathogens  Viruses  Bacteria  Fungi: Require favorable conditions for development of epizootics (not very specific)  Protozoa  Nematodes

10. Cultural techniques  Sanitation  Stock rotation  Modification of the terrain (to drain excess water)

11. Physical and Mechanical Techniques  Heat or cold  Light traps  Entoleters or infestation destroyers (impact machines)  Pneumatic conveying  Grain turning  Ultrasound  Snap traps  Glue boards

12. Chemical Modification of Behavior  Sex pheromones  Aggregation Pheromones  Oviposition deterring pheromones  Alarm pheromones  Trail pheromones  Repellents  Feeding deterrents

13. Chemical Disruption of Physiology  Synthetic pesticides  Disrupts normal physiological functions

14. Integration of Techniques  Think how you would be able to combine two or more tactics for managing a pest  The techniques can be used together or sequentially  It is important to use different tactics to prevent pests from developing resistance (physiological or behavioral)  Integrating techniques also prolongs the use of available pest management tactics

15. Integration of Techniques  Resistant packaging and removal of damaged packages and using sanitation

16. Integration of Techniques  Heat treatment and diatomaceous earth (DE) By using DE, insects can be killed at temperatures less than 50 o C

17. Integration of Techniques  Traps and pathogens  Insects are attracted to the trap with a pheromone, but not captured (no sticky surface)  The insect contacts the pathogen applied as a dust  The insect contacts others during mating and transfers the pathogen

18. Integration of Techniques  Vegetable oil and insecticide  reduced by half the amount of pirimiphos- methyl (Actellic) needed to kill 100% of granary weevils in stored wheat

19. Integration of Techniques   Insecticide and cooling   pyrethroid insecticides are more toxic to stored-product insects at lower temperatures   lower temperatures limit pest population growth and reduce pesticide degradation Please think of how you would integrate different methods for pest management in mills!

20. Questions  In a food plant, think of a scenario where you would do nothing for a particular pest population.  When is legislative control important?  Why is introduction of beneficial organisms into a food plant undesirable?  Is sanitation physical, mechanical, or cultural control?  List a few insect management tactics that work in a food plant.