1. C H E M I S T R Y Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution

2. Naming Chemical Compounds Binary Acids Hydrogen + nonmetal (no oxygen) Naming: Hydro+root of lement+ic acid ending HClhydrochloric acid HBrhydrobromic acid HFhydrofluoric acid *Exception: HCN – hydrocyanic acid

3. Naming Chemical Compounds “ate”“ic” “ite” “ous” Polyatomic anionNo hydro- prefix Root of polyatomic anion + ous acid ending Or ic acid ending

4. Examples Name the following acids A. H 2 S B. H 2 CO 3 C. HBrO 3 D. H 3 PO 3

5. Some Ways That Chemical Reactions Occur Precipitation Reactions: Processes in which soluble reactants yield an insoluble solid product that falls out of solution. NaNO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s)AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl(aq)

6. Some Ways That Chemical Reactions Occur Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions: Processes in which an acid reacts with a base to yield water plus a salt. H 2 O(l) + NaCl(aq)HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) Acid + Base  Water + Salt

7. Some Ways That Chemical Reactions Occur Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions: Processes in which one or more electrons are transferred between reaction partners (atoms, molecules, or ions). MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) Element + Compound  Compound + Element Neutral state: (s), (l), (g)

8. Electrolytes

9. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Weak Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a small extent into ions when dissolved in water. H 1+ (aq) + CH 3 CO 2 1- (aq)CH 3 CO 2 H(aq) Strong Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a large extent into ions when dissolved in water. K 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq)KCl(aq) Nonelectrolytes: Substances which do not produce ions in aqueous solutions. H2OH2O C 12 H 22 O 11 (aq)C 12 H 22 O 11 (s)

10. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Strong Acids: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid. Memorize these acids

11. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Compounds

12. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Weak acids

13. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Molecular Compounds (other than any strong or weak electrolytes)

14. Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations Molecular Equation: All substances in the chemical equation are written using their complete formulas as if they were molecules. strong electrolytes indicated as (aq) soluble Precipitate insoluble NaNO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s)AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl(aq)

15. Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations Ionic Equation: All of the strong electrolytes are written as ions. Na 1+ (aq) + NO 3 1- (aq) + AgCl(s) NaNO 3 (aq) AgNO 3 (aq)NaCl(aq) Ag 2+ (aq) + NO 3 1- (aq) + Na 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq)

16. Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations Spectator Ions: Ions that undergo no change during the reaction and appear on both sides of the reaction arrow. Na 1+ (aq) + NO 3 1- (aq) + AgCl(s) Ag 2+ (aq) + NO 3 1- (aq) + Na 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq)

17. Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations AgCl 2 (s) Ag + (aq) + Cl 1- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Only the ions undergoing change are shown.

18. Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines

19. Write the chemical formulas of the products (use proper ionic rules). CB + ADAB + CD double replacement reaction *Remember that metal cation does not bond to another metal cation

20. Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of Iron(III) nitrate and Sodium Hydroxide are mixed.

21. Example Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of PbCl 2 and Na 2 SO 4 are mixed Aqueous solution of Mg(NO 3 ) 2 and NH 4 OH

22. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions H 3 O 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq) HCl(aq) + H 2 O(aq) Acid (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions, H 1+ : H 1+ (aq) + A 1- (aq)HA(aq) In water, acids produce hydronium ions, H 3 O 1+ : H 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq)HCl(aq)

23. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions Ammonia, commonly called “ammonium hydroxide” is a base: M 1+ (aq) + OH 1- (aq)MOH(aq) Na 1+ (aq) + OH 1- (aq)NaOH(aq) NH 4 1+ (aq) + OH 1- (aq)NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O(aq) Base (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH 1- :

24. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes. Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes.

25. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions MA + H 2 OHA + MOH These acid-base neutralization reactions are double-replacement reactions just like the precipitation reactions : or MA + HOHHA + MOH WaterAcidBaseSalt

26. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction of aqueous H 2 SO 4 and aqueous KOH

27. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.

28. Examples Predict the product and write a molecular equation, ionic equation and net ionic equation for the following reactions ◦ K 2 CO 3 (aq) + CuCl 2 (aq)  ◦ HNO 3 (aq) + LiOH(aq)  ◦ H 2 SO 3 (aq) + NaOH 