1. Accessibility zWeb should be usable by everyone This includes users with: zVision impairments zHearing impairments zMobility impairments

2. Statistics z8 million people with visual impairments z20 million deaf or hard-of hearing z250,000 with spinal cord injuries z500,000 with cerebral palsy z330,000 with MS zMore that half US population over 65 has some type of impairment

3. Issues involving Vision zWeb very visually oriented zSignificant challenges zSeverity ranges from total blindness to low vision zColor blindness zVisual Stimuli

4. Information Delivery zInformation display on traditional monitor not available to users with visual impairments Two assistive technologies: zScreen Readers zRefreshable Braille displays

5. Screen readers Reads text component of web screen Includes: zLinks zMenus zDialog Boxes zError Messages

6. Screen Readers zSeveral vendors offer screen readers zPrices range from $300 to $1000 zPage must be reformatted to support screen readers zHTML “lang” attribute controls language page will be read in

7. Refreshable Braille Display zFor people who are deaf as well as blind screen readers do not work. zTranslates text of page into Braille zSingle line of Braille text zPrices range from $4500 to $14,500

8. Grade II Braille

9. Refreshable Braille Display

10. Reformatting Text zFor screen readers to work text of page must be formatted to support linear delivery zTabular data zLabel for Elements zSkip navigation zAlt Tags for images

11. Tabular Data

12. Markup Strategy for Tables Course Time Day Prerequisiste Instructor 211 11:30 pm -1:00 pm MW None McDonald 211 10:30am - 12:00 pm TR None Luecking 212 5:45 pm - 9:00 pm M 211 Carter 212 11:30 pm - 1:00pm TR 211 Chan

13. Label Elements of Forms Billing Information First name (required): Last name(required):

14. Skip Navigation

15. Normal Page

16. Alt Tags (None)

17. Alt Tags (Descriptive)

18. Other Vision Issues zScreen Magnifiers zColor Blindness: y8% male population y0.5% Female population yMost common red/green zPhoto Sensitive Epilepsy

19. Color Blindness This is an Ishihara plate commonly used to check for red/green color blindness

20. Color Blindness This is what a red/green color-blind person might see. Note that the digit (3) is practically invisible.

21. Mobility Impairments zConditions with affect use of keyboard and mouse zMight be difficult, Might be impossible zPredictive typing zSpeech recognition zAlternative input technology

22. Hearing Impairments Few more issues: zCaptioned media zOpen or Closed captioning zAmerican Sign Language

23. Web Accessibility Initiative zPromote usability for people with disabilities zGoal of Universal Access zSet of guidelines which address 2 themes: yGraceful Translation yMake content understandable and navigable

24. Web Accessibility Initiative Guidelines

25. Globalization zWeb is growing all over world zNumber of Non English speaking users rapidly increasing zUsability issues involve use of language and culture zThis processes is called globalization

26. Global User Population

27. Internationalization zInternationalization single design used world wide zSimpler text zUnambiguous display of number, currency, dates, and times zIsolate and remove culturally specific language

28. Localization zAdded cultural context zTranslation of web page into local language zRelevant content

29. Text and Translation zTranslation: human or automatic? zAttention to writing style zExpression of dates, times zExpress currency in local terms zLabel units of measurements

30. Languages Can Expand Labels

31. Page Layout zUnicode for character support zColor issues zIcon issues (including flags) zText Alignment (left vs. right)

32. International User Testing zInternational and local sites need user testing zMore involved than traditional zTest success of translation zInternational Inspection as alternative zDifficulties dues to language gap

33. Personalization zStrategy for gaining competitive advantage zAdded service for a user zSpeeds task completion (I-Click) zCan require login zCookies zDynamic

34. Privacy Concerns zNo right to privacy in US zPrivacy Contracts zRequest of personal information can cause users to leave site zHighly related to trust

35. Trust Many factors affect trust: zContext zPerceived Similarity zStanding in organization zBehavior zCertification zReferences

36. Fostering Trust zHelp establish credibility zSecurity Statement zSafe display of personal information zUse of secure servers zConfirmation of all costs zConfirmation of shipping address

37. Controlling Privacy zNo standard for enforcing privacy in place zP3P standard developed zEnforces and exposes site’s privacy policy zTools to inform users of compliance with their selected privacy policy

38. Trust (P3P)

40. Privacy Bird

41. Shows Embedded Content

42. Privacy Bird