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Earth Science Review
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What are physical features on the earth’s surface?
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Landforms
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What are the four agents that constantly change the earth’s landforms?
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Water Wind Ice Mass movement
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What is weathering?
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The process of breaking rock into silt, sand, clay, and other tiny pieces
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What are these tiny pieces called?
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Sediment
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How does water weather rocks?
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Rivers can carve deep canyons
Ocean waves can weather cliffs Freezes in cracks and expands breaking the rock apart Acid rain dissolves rock Tumbles rocks into each other
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What is erosion?
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The process of moving sediment from one place to another
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What is the process called of dropping it into a new location?
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Deposition
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How does water erode sediment?
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Waves take the sediment from the cliffs to the beach
Rainfall carries it to rivers and streams Rivers carry it to their banks Some rivers carry it to their mouths
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What is a delta?
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The new land that has been deposited in a triangle shape near the mouth of a river
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What does wind erode more quickly?
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Dry soil instead of wet soil
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Where is this greatest?
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Where there is little plant life to hold sediment in place
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What unusual landforms can wind erosion create?
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Tables Arches Columns
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What are dunes?
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Large mounds of sand
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What are beach dunes caused by?
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The constant blowing of the sea breeze
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What are glaciers?
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Large thick sheets of ice formed when more snow falls during the winter than melts in the summer
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Why does a glacier erode everything under it?
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It’s great size and weight
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What are the two kinds of glaciers?
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Valley and Continental
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Where are valley glaciers found?
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High in mountain valleys
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How do they erode?
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They flow slowly down the mountainsides
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What do they form?
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A U-shaped valley
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How many are left?
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Very few and these are melting quickly
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What are continental glaciers?
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Thick sheets of ice that cover large areas of the Earth
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What is mass movement?
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The downhill movement of rock and soil because of gravity.
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Give some examples of mass movement
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Mudslides Landslides Avalanches Sinkholes
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How does a landslide or mudslide occur?
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The force of gravity is greater than the force of friction holding the soil
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What is creep?
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The slow movement of soil downhill
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How fast does it move?
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Only a few centimeters each year
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What is a sinkhole?
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A large hole in the ground that opens suddenly
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How does a sinkhole occur?
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The limestone beneath the surface erodes and the land over the weakened area collapses?
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How does erosion and deposition effect the landforms?
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It can change them or produce new ones.
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What are terminal moraines?
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The long ridges of soil and rock left behind by glaciers.
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Give an example of it.
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Long Island or Cape Cod
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How are new islands formed?
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Volcanic eruptions
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How does this happen?
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Slowly over time the melted rock and ash continue to be deposited on top until the it appears over the surface of the water
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The End
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