1. Ch. 1 - The Nature of Science  Defining Science  Problem-Solving  Scientific Method  Experimental Design

2. A. Defining Science  Pure Science  research that adds to the body of scientific knowledge  has no practical use  Applied Science (Technology)  the practical application of scientific knowledge

3. A. Defining Science PURE  human genetics  polymer science  atomic theory  study of the human ear APPLIED  DNA fingerprinting  Lycra ® spandex  nuclear weapons  hearing aids

4. Can you categorize science?  Minerals  Energy  Drugs  Acid rain  Earthquakes  Stars  Clouds  Black Holes  Electricity  Science  Geology  Physical Science  Plastics  Matter  Chemistry  Astronomy  Tornadoes  Meteorology/Weat her

5. A. Defining Science  Life Science  the study of living organisms  Earth Science/Space Science  the study of Earth/the study of space  Physical Science  the study of matter and energy  chemistry & physics

6. B. Problem Solving  Science can solve problems. “ I would spend fifty- five minutes defining the problem and only five minutes finding the solution. ”

7. B. Problem Solving  Science is all about problem solving.  A scientist’s job is to identify a problem, and to then create and implement an experiment to solve that problem.  However, a hypothesis is never really “proven”. It is supported by large pools of evidence.  Kind of like innocent until proven guilty.

8. B. Problem Solving There are four steps to problem solving: 1. Identify 1. Plan 1. Execute 1. Evaluate

9. B. Problem-Solving 1. Identify the problem.  What do you know?  What have you observed? Did you notice any patterns?  What do you need to know? 2. Plan a strategy.  Use prior knowledge to develop a solution.  Break the problem into smaller steps.  Design an experiment.  Develop a model.

10. B. Problem-Solving 3. Execute your plan. o Run your experiment. o Make observations and gather data. 4. Evaluate your results. o Did you solve the problem? o Is your answer reasonable? Identify - Plan - Execute - Evaluate

11. C. Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem. 2. Make a hypothesis. 3. Design your Experiment 4. Run your Experiment 5. Present your Results 6. Draw conclusions.

12. C. Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem. Make observations. Ask questions. 2. Make a hypothesis. “If..then..because”. Must be testable and falsifiable.

13. C. Scientific Method 3. Design your experiment. How could we test our hypothesis? What data do we need to collect? 4. Run your experiment. Make observations and collect/record data. 5. Analyze your results. What happened during your experiment? Graphs, tables, etc.

14. C. Scientific Method 6. Draw conclusions.  Was your hypothesis correct?  What data do you have that supports your hypothesis?  Is further testing necessary?  Graphs, charts, articles, etc

15. D. Experimental Design  Experiment – organized, planned procedure for testing a hypothesis  Key Components:  Control - standard for comparison  Repeated trials - for reliability

16. D. Experimental Design  Types of Variables  Independent Variable  adjusted by the experimenter  the variable that you manipulate during the experiment  Dependent Variable  changes in response to the independent variable  the variable that you measure  Constant Variable  variable that is deliberately held constant throughout the experiment.

17. D. Experimental Design  Procedure – a step-by-step description of how to run your experiment. Should include, in order, exactly what to do, and how many times you should do it.  Your procedure should be so clear and descriptive, that a stranger should be able to read it and conduct your experiment just as you had envisioned it.

18. YOUR TURN!!!  You are in charge of increasing the popping efficiency at the local movies theater. By doing so not only will you increase the company’s profit margin but you will also get a raise if you succeed.  After some research you have found that some people have had success by freezing the kernels before popping. Develop A Hypothesis: IF the popcorn is stored in the freezer THEN it will pop better. IF popcorn popping efficiency is related to temperature, THEN freezing the kernels before popping will yield fewer un- popped kernels.

19. Freezing Popcorn: Variables  Constants/Controls:  Popcorn brand  Freshness  Storage time  Popper  Independent Variable:  Storage temperature  Dependent Variable:  Number of un- popped kernels

20. E. Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws  Hypothesis:  A testable and falsifiable statement.  Experiments are designed to gather information that will ultimately either support or falsify the hypothesis. ***Write down ANY hypothesis on the space provided in your notes.

21. E. Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws  Theory:  The explanation of “why/how”  ex: Big Bang Theory – with an abundance of supporting evidence, attempts to explain “why/how” the Universe came to be (by scientific means).

22. E. Hypotheses, Theories, Laws  Scientific Law:  Allows for the prediction of “what”  Describes a pattern in nature ex: Law of Conservation of Mass – Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. Thus, the mass of any element in the beginning of a reaction (reactant) will equal the mass of that element in the end of the reaction (product).