1. Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Pages 483-521

2. Psychopathology In other words mental disorder or mental illness According to the National Institutes of Mental Health 15.4% of the population suffers from a diagnosable mental health problems Another study found that the behaviors of over 56 million Americans meet the criteria for a diagnosable psychological disorder

3. Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder

4. Different Perspectives: Demonological The view that abnormal behavior reflect invasion by evil spirits or demons. Stone Age humans developed trephining- the practice of putting holes in the skull to provide a passage for demons to get out of the head

5. continued Trephining actually worked- today most would agree b/c people were so afraid they conformed to society. Ancient Greeks believed gods punished people by causing confusion and madness except Hippocrates ( said Abnormal Behavior caused by something in brain)

6. continued Massachusetts- Many believed ab. Behavior was caused by possession of devil-called these people witches( held responsible for many things ranging from a neighbor’s infertility to a poor yield of crops).

7. Cures An exorcist would pray for you and wave a cross over you at night to send the devil elsewhere…if that didn’t work you were beaten, killed In Europe over 200,000 “witches” were killed due to a publishing of manual of how to recognize a witch. Salem witch trials

8. Witch testing Water-float test (pure metals sink to the bottom, impurities float to surface) suspects who sank were considered pure, those who kept their heads above water were impure.

9. Historical Roots 400 B.C.- Hippocrates declared abnormal behavior had physical causes. He taught symptoms of mental disorders were a result of an imbalance among bodily fluids (called humors)

10. The Four Humors HumorsOriginTemperament BloodHeartSanguine (cheerful) Choler (yellow bile) LiverCholeric (angry) Melancholer (black bile) SpleenMelancholy (depressed) PhlegmBrainPhlegmatic (sluggish)

12. Middle Ages Superstition eclipsed Hippocrates ideas Under the influence of the church, physicians and clergy reverted back to blaming abnormal behavior on demons, witches, and the devil. The cure: torture, trephining, execution

13. The Medical Model Ab. Behavior is symptomatic of an underlying illness. 2 version of model *biological *psychodynamic

14. The medical model Reemerged (from Hippocrates ideas) in the late 18 th century Diseases of the mind are like any other disease Mental diseases have specific causes and therefore must have specific treatments

15. How did this change view of mental illnesses? Torture, executions, etc.. No longer made sense Implemented asylums for the insane- initially very therapeutic, later became overcrowded and used as human storehouses

16. Biological Version Ab. behavior reflects biological or biochemical problems Term- mental illness Today- abnormalities in neurotransmitters, the chemical that “conduct’ messages from one cell in the nervous system to another.

17. continued Syndrome- a cluster or group of symptoms suggestive of a particular order. Each mental illness presumably has specific outcome and response to appropriate therapy. DNA

18. continued Major advance over demonological perspective—compassion over hatred Problem- mental hospital not always best “cure” Today- receive treatment while staying in society

19. Psychodynamic (Freud)Version Neuroses(neurotic behavior)- groups of disorders theorized to stem from unconscious conflict Abnormal behavior is a symptom of unconscious childhood conflict

20. continued Psychosis- major disorder in which a person lacks insight and has difficulty meeting the demands of daily life and maintaining contact with reality. Cure- resolve unconscious conflicts

21. Criticism of the medical approach Too much reliance on doctor Patients became too passive/dependent on doctor and/or drug treatments Little encouragement for the patient to take part in ‘getting better”

22. Learning Perspectives Ab. Behavior may be caused by the fact that one never got the chance to observe “normal” behaviors and interactions. Inconsistent punishments Subculture reinforces behavior that is not accepted by majority of population.

23. The Cognitive Perspective Ab. behavior caused by disturbances in how one inputs, stores,manipulates, and retrieves info. Disturbances caused by blocking input, faulty storage, retrieval, or manipulation

24. Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective The alternative to the medical model that view psychological disorders as a combination of the social, cognitive, and behavioral perspective.