1. Skin Color Melanin –Basic determinant of skin color is quantity, type, and distribution of melanin –Types of melanin Eumelanin—group of dark brown (almost black) melanins Pheomelanin—group of reddish and orange melanins

2. Skin Color Melanin (cont.) –Melanin formed from tyrosine by melanocytes Regulated by the enzyme tyrosinase Albinism—congenital absence of tyrosinase –Other factors Genetics (4-6 pairs of genes control the amount of melanin produced) Sunlight Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Increasing age…decreasing tyrosinase activity Other pigments

4. Skin Color Other pigments –Beta carotene (group of yellowish pigments from food) can also contribute to skin color –Hemoglobin—color changes also occur as a result of changes in blood flow Redder skin color when blood flow to skin increases Cyanosis—bluish color caused by darkening of hemoglobin when it loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide Bruising can cause a rainbow of different colors to appear in the skin –Other pigments—from cosmetics, tattoos, and bile pigments in jaundice

5. Functions of the Skin (Table 6-1) Protection –Physical barrier to microorganisms –Barrier to chemical hazards –Reduces potential for mechanical trauma –Prevents dehydration –Protects (via melanin) excess UV exposure

6. Functions of the Skin Protection (cont.) –Surface film Emulsified protective barrier Formed by mixing of residue and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands with sloughed epithelial cells from skin surface Shedding of epithelial elements is called desquamation

7. Functions of the Skin –Surface film (cont.) Functions –Antibacterial, antifungal activity –Lubrication –Hydration of skin surface –Buffer of caustic irritants –Blockade of toxic agents

8. Functions of the Skin Surface film (cont.) –Chemical composition From epithelial elements –Amino acids –Sterols –Complex phospholipids From sebum –Fatty acids –Triglycerides –Waxes From sweat –Water –Ammonia –Urea –Lactic acid –Uric acid

9. Functions of the Skin Sensation –Skin acts as a sophisticated sense organ –Somatic sensory receptors detect stimuli that permit us to detect pressure, touch, temperature, pain, and other general sensations –When activated, the receptors make it possible for the body to respond to changes occurring in both the external and internal environments.

10. Functions of the Skin Movement Without Injury –Skin is supple and elastic Permitting change in body contours without injury –It grows as we grow –Exhibits stretch and recoil characteristics

11. Functions of the Skin Excretion –Regulation of volume and chemical content of sweat influences the body’s total fluid volume and the amounts of certain waste products –Water –Waste Products Urea Ammonia Uric acid –Overall, the skin plays a minor role in excretion of body wastes

12. Functions of the Skin Vitamin D Production (Endocrine Function) –Skin is exposed to UV light –7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to cholecalciferol Vitamin D precursor –Blood transports precursor to liver and kidneys –Vitamin D is produced –Process and end result fulfill the necessary steps required for vitamin D to be classified as a hormone

14. Functions of the Skin Immunity –Phagocytic cells destroy bacteria –Langerhans cells trigger helpful immune reaction working with “helper T cells”

15. Functions of the Skin Homeostasis of body temperatures –Body temperature changes very little in the course of a day Set point is ~37° C –Healthy survival depends on biochemical reactions taking place at certain rates…requires normal enzyme functioning –To maintain homeostasis of body temperature, heat production must equal heat loss –Heat production By metabolism of foods in skeletal muscles and liver Chief determinant of heat production is the amount of muscular work being performed

16. Functions of the Skin –Heat production By metabolism of foods in skeletal muscles and liver Chief determinant of heat production is the amount of muscular work being performed During exercise and shivering, metabolism and heat production increase greatly During sleep, very little muscular work results in decreasing metabolism and heat production

17. Functions of the Skin –Heat loss Approximately 80% of heat loss occurs through the skin Remaining 20% occurs through the mucosa of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts Vasoconstriction –Dermal vessels constrict –Warm blood circulates deeper in the body Vasodilation –Dermal vessels widen –Warm blood is moved from deeper tissues to the skin –Heat can then be lost to external environment »Evaportation »Radiation »Conduction »Convection

20. Functions of the Skin –Heat loss Evaporation –To evaporate any fluid, heat energy must be expended –This method of heat loss is especially important at high environmental temperatures, when it is the only method by which heat can be lost from the skin Radiation –Transfer of heat from one object to another without actual contact –Important method of heat loss in cool environmental temperatures Conduction –Transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body –Accounts for relatively small amounts of heat loss Convection –Transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of air –Usually accounts for a small amount of heat loss

21. Functions of the Skin –Homeostatic regulation of heat loss (Figure 6-7) Heat loss by the skin is controlled by a negative feedback loop Receptors in the hypothalamus monitor the body’s internal temperature If the body temperature is increased, the hypothalamus sends a nervous signal to the sweat glands and blood vessels of the skin The hypothalamus continues to act until the body’s temperature returns to normal