1. Introduction to the Cell “With the cell, biology discovered its atom.”
A. The cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all processes of life.
What are the characteristics of life?
1. make energy
2. produce waste
3. reproduce
4. respond to stimulus
5. grow
B. Unicellular: one celled organisms… Protists and Bacteria
C. Multicellular: more than one celled organisms…
D. Discovery of the cell was made possible by the development of glass lenses.
1. Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)- first person to observe living cells
2. Hooke (English)- observed cork from the bark of an oak tree.
a. The cells looked like empty compartments similar to cells in a monastery so he named them “cells”

2. E. Cell Theory
1. People used to believe in
Spontaneous Generation
a. life comes from nonliving
things
2. Experiments were done to
obtain data to disprove this
Redi’s Experiment
Spallanzani’s Experiment

3. 3. Schleiden and Schwann “wrote” the cell theory
a. All living things are made of cells
b. Cells come from cells
c. Cells are the basic unit of all life

4. IV. Cell Diversity – Summary of POGIL activities
A. Internal organization
B. Shape
C. Size

5. B A C D E F

6. Parts of the Cell
A. Cell Membrane – aka Plasma Membrane
1. Separates the cell from its external environment
2. Gives shape and flexibility to the cell
3. Made of 2 layers because of the polarity
4. Made of fats (phospholipids) and proteins
5. Cholesterol is also a part of the membrane
6. There are small carbohydrates attached to the outside that serve as “tags” so organism and identify the cell.
7. “Fluid Mosaic Model” is how scientists refer to its structure
8. Basic drawing:

7. Picture not in your notes – understand idea

10. B. Cytosol:
1. jelly like material in the cytoplasm that contains water, salt, sugars, fats and proteins
2. It is always moving
C. Organelles— “little organ”, each performs a specific activity
1. Refer to chart on next page.
The black stuff
Nucleus is purple, cytoplasm is pinkish. This is a lymphocyte

11. Nucleus Nucleolus Membrane bound Protects, and contains the DNA
Located inside the nucleus.
Makes ribosomes

12. Nuclear Membrane Double membrane with pores Protects the DNA
Controls what goes in and out of nucleus

13. Ribosome Made of two subunits that are made of RNA and protein
Makes proteins

14. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Rough” because it is covered in ribosomes
Makes, packages (folds), and transports protein

15. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth because it DOES NOT contain ribosomes
Makes, packages, and transport fat (phospholipids, steroids)

16. Golgi Apparatus
Made of membranous sacs stacked on one another (pita bread)
Polysaccharides are made, and attached to proteins and phospholipids (maintains cell membrane)

17. Lysosome Membrane around digestive enzymes
Digests food, old cell parts, and foreign material

18. Peroxisome 2H2O2  2H2O + O2 Membrane around the enzyme catalase
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide
2H2O2  2H2O + O2

19. Mitochondria Two membranes, outer and inner
Inner membrane has folds called “cristae”
Where cellular respiration takes place (burning food to make energy)

20. Microtubule Made of tubulin (hollow tube) Large fiber of cytoskeleton
Tubulin…the protein that makes up a microtubule
Made of tubulin (hollow tube)
Large fiber of cytoskeleton
Part of cytoskeleton (supports and gives cell shape).

21. Intermediate Filaments
Spikey things are Keratin in skin and nails.
Medium sized filament
What they are made of varies
Give cell support and shape

22. Microfilament Smallest fiber. Made of Actin
Involved in cell division (mitosis)
Microfilament

23. Vacuole Membrane around “stuff”
Adipose Tissue (fat cells store fat in a large central vacuole)
Membrane around “stuff”
Stores “stuff” (food, waste, water, pigment, fat, poison…)

24. Not an Organelle! Microvilli
Cell membrane adaptation – fingerlike projections
Increases surface area
Lungs, small intestine

25. Flagella
Tail-like structure
Moves cell

26. Cilia Hair-like structure Moves the cell OR
Moves things around the cell
Cilia