1.  A perspective is a way of viewing phenomena  Psychology has multiple perspectives: ◦ Behavioral Perspective ◦ Humanistic Perspective ◦ Biological Perspective ◦ Psychoanalytic Perspective ◦ Cognitive Perspective ◦ Evolutionary Perspective ◦ Sociocultural Perspective http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_ photog.php?photogid=809

2.  This perspective began to account for behavior as a result of previous experiences.  Behaviorists believe: ◦ observable behaviors. ◦ behavior is shaped by learning. ◦ surroundings are important  Behaviorists emphasize Nurture.

3.  Important Behaviorists to remember: ◦ Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) ◦ Nobel Prize winner 1904, physiology of digestion ◦ Using a tuning fork (bell) and meat powder, Pavlov was able to condition dogs to salivate at a sound – a Conditioned Response. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpapajl/evolution/assign2/TM/Pavlov2.html

4.  Important Behaviorists to remember: ◦ John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) ◦ All behaviors the result of conditioning and occurs because of stimulus in the environment. ◦ Human beings have No Free Will. ◦ Controversial experiment on environment and “Little Albert.” http://www.all-about- psychology.com/little-albert.html

5.  Important Behaviorists to remember:  B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ◦ American psychologist at Harvard ◦ studied learning and effect of reinforcement ◦ Walden II – utopian community ◦ Applied his ideas within the realm of advertising and business. http://www.thebirdman.org/Index/Others/Others-Doc-ConspiracyTheory&NWO/+Doc- ConspiracyTheory-MindControl-SoftCore-Media&Schools/BrainwashingAmerica-Livergood.htm

6.  Important Behaviorists to remember:  Edward L. Thorndike (1874 – 1949) ◦ First to conduct systematic investigation of animal behavior. ◦ positive and negative reinforcement https://behavioranalysishistory.pbworks.com/w/page/37201686/1910s

7.  Important Behaviorists to remember:  Albert Bandura –behaviorist ◦ Stressed modeling- Humans learn through watching and imitating examples.  Example – TV violence and impact on society http://students.cis.uab.edu/sarahlr/bandura.html

8.  Humanistic Psychology – ◦ This perspective believes that behavior is based on the need to grow and reach one’s full potential, called self-actualization ◦ Stresses that human nature is active and creative, not just reactive. ◦ Humans can change their environment. http://izettl.hubpages.com/hub/Positive-Psychology-Hope-for-a-Good-New-Year

9.  Important Humanists to Know  Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) ◦ Emphasized the concept of Free Will and choice in human behavior. ◦ Believed that people become anxious and unhappy if they are prevented from self- actualization. http://cgjj.wikispaces.com/Theory

10.  Important Humanists to Know  Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) ◦ Needs Hierarchy ◦ Self-actualization (becoming all we can be) is the highpoint of human motivation. ◦ Basis of modern management/organizational behavior theory http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp

11.  This perspective studies the physiological mechanisms in the brain, endocrine and nervous system that organize and control behavior  The focus may be ◦ individual neurons ◦ areas of the brain ◦ specific functions like eating, emotion or learning http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/06/04/teen-brain- wired-for-risk/14296.html

12.  This perspective evolved from the work of Sigmund Freud  Some books and resources call this the psychodynamic perspective ◦ behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences ◦ drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior ◦ early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/learning- play/200912/new-years-resolutions- psychoanalytic-perspective

13.  This perspective examines how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior. http://klik-4all.blogspot.com/2011/05/cognitive-perspective.html

14.  Important people to remember: ◦ Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)  studied intellectual development  described how infants, children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities to make sense of the world. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/jean-piagets-theory.html

15.  Important people to remember: ◦ Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)  studied language acquisition  Theorized that humans have an innate ability to learn language. http://citelighter-cards.s3.amazonaws.com/p16nao79mq1rc41hpj1djt1gst1l7t0_33236.jpg

16.  This perspective uses the ideas of evolution to explain human behaviors. ◦ Natural selection is a key factor in determining human behavior. http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/deptarea/idep/

17.  This perspective studies the psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups and social situations. ◦ How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? ◦ What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate? http://smu.edu/education/CCCD/conceptualframework.asp

18.  The American Psychological Association has more than 50 divisions. ◦ Some represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) ◦ Some are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law) http://www.apa.org/careers/resources/guides/careers.aspx

19. http://www.epsychologist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Careers-in-Psychology-.jpg * * This reflects the British system of post secondary degrees.

20.  Clinical  Studies abnormal behavior and psychological disorders  A psychologist has a masters or doctorate degree in psychology.  A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who focuses his/her practice on the biological bases of behavior. http://0.tqn.com/d/psychology/1/0/6/8/psychologist.jpg

21.  Health psychologist ◦ Studies psychological factors in physical health  Counseling psychologist ◦ Helps people deal with normal life situations ◦ Helps to provide guidance http://www.buzzle.com/articles/clinical-psychologist-salary-range.html

22.  Developmental Psychologist ◦ Studies psychological changes over the life span ◦ Subfields include social, cognitive, and personality http://www.griffith.edu.au/health/school-applied-psychology/future-students/learning- about-my-profession

23.  School Psychologist ◦ Provides counseling and guidance in school settings  Educational Psychologist ◦ Conducts research to improve student learning and teaching techniques http://www.weac.org/professional_resources/great_schools/news_and_articles/2004- 2005/psychologists.aspx

24.  Psychobiologist ◦ Studies the brain and behavior at many levels. ◦ The field often uses animals as research models http://wwwm.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/CNaP/Pages/CognitionNeurosciencea ndPsychobiologyCNaP.aspx

25.  Experimental Psychologists ◦ Basic laboratory focus ◦ Conducts experiments involving both animals and humans ◦ Areas of focus include learning, memory, and motivation http://tweetymom.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/lab-mice.jpg

26.  Cognitive Psychologists ◦ Mainly pursue an experimental approach ◦ Areas of research include human memory, perception, etc. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Psychology/cognitive/

27.  Social Psychologists ◦ Study social influences on cognition and emotion ◦ Areas include the foundations of specific attitudes and beliefs http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0073531898/information_center_view0/

28.  Personality psychologists ◦ Examine individual differences in people and their behavior ◦ Also includes differences in perception by others http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?sec tion=11

29.  Industrial/organizational Psychologists ◦ Study people and work ◦ Improve job satisfaction ◦ Design training and selection programs http://georgetowncollege.edu/Departments/psychology/mckenzie/psych365.htm

30.  Many other areas and subfields are continually evolving.  For the most recent list of career possibilities, search the American Psychological Association.