1.  Definition ◦ Analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. standard solution unknown solution Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

2. Buret stopcock Erlenmeyer flask

3.  Titrant ◦ The substance added to the analyte in a titration (a standard solution)  Analyte ◦ The substance being analyzed  Equivalence point ◦ The point in a titration at which the quantity of titrant is exactly sufficient for stoichiometric reaction with the analyte.

4. Titrant Analyte If the concentration of the titrant is known, then the unknown concentration of the analyte can be determined.

6. Quantitative analysis — used to determine the amounts or concentrations of substances present in a sample by using a combination of chemical reactions and stoichiometric calculations

8.  The “perfect pink” for a titration with phenolphthalein

9. Indicator - changes color to indicate pH change Volume base added Example… phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and pink in basic solution pH Endpoint = 7 pink point at which exactly enough reactant has been added for the solution to be neutralized and no more

10. ◦ Point at which equal amounts of H 3 O + and OH - have been added. ◦ Determined by…  indicator color change  dramatic change in pH Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

11. moles H 3 O + = moles OH - Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

12.  25.5 mL of 1.3M KOH are required to neutralize 50.0 mL of HCl. Find the molarity of HCl. Acid (H 3 O + ) M = ? V = 50.0 mL Base (OH - ) M = 1.3M V = 25.5 mL M A = 0.66M HCl Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

13. equivalence point 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 10.020.030.040.0 pH Volume of 0.100 M NaOH added (mL) Titration of an Acid With an Base 0.00 1.00 10.00 1.37 20.00 1.95 22.00 2.19 24.00 2.70 25.00 7.00 26.00 11.30 28.00 11.75 30.00 11.96 40.00 12.36 50.00 12.52 NaOH added (mL) pH Titration Data Solution of NaOH Solution of NaOH Solution of HCl H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Cl - Na + OH - 25 mL phenolphthalein - colorless phenolphthalein - pink

14. Arrhenius - In aqueous solution… Arrhenius - In aqueous solution… HCl (aq)  H + (aq) + Cl- (aq) Acids Acids increase hydrogen ion concentration [H + ] H HHHH H Cl OO – + Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

15. A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor acid conjugate base base conjugate acid

16.  From the Latin word conjugare, meaning “to join together.”  Reactions between acids and bases always yield their conjugate bases and acids.

18. HNO 3, HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HClO 4 are among the only known strong acids. Strong and Weak Acids/Bases The strength of an acid (or base) is determined by the amount of IONIZATION.

19.  Weak acids are much less than 100% ionized in water. One of the best known is acetic acid = CH 3 CO 2 H Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

20.  Strong Base: 100% dissociated in water. NaOH (aq) ---> Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong and Weak Acids/Bases Other common strong bases include KOH and Ca(OH) 2. CaO (lime) + H 2 O --> Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) CaO

21.  Weak base: less than 100% ionized in water One of the best known weak bases is ammonia NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)  NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

22.  The more polar the H-X bond and/or the weaker the H-X bond, the more acidic the compound.  Acidity increases from left to right across a row and from top to bottom down a group.

23. H 2 O can function as both an ACID and a BASE. Equilibrium constant for water = K w K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] = 1.00 x 10 -14 at 25 o C

25. Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 335 1.0 M HCl 0 gastric juice 1.6 vinegar 2.8 carbonated beverage 3.0 orange 3.5 apple juice 3.8 tomato 4.2 lemon juice 2.2 coffee 5.0 bread 5.5 soil 5.5 potato 5.8 urine 6.0 milk 6.4 water (pure) ‏ 7.0 drinking water 7.2 blood 7.4 detergents 8.0 - 9.0 bile 8.0 seawater 8.5 milk of magnesia 10.5 ammonia 11.0 bleach 12.0 1.0 M NaOH (lye) ‏ 14.0 8 910 111214 13 34 5 6 2 1 70 acidic neutral basic [H + ] = [OH - ]