1. Anonymous Localization of Wireless Terminals in Indoors Shahrokh Valaee Wireless and Internet Research Lab (WIRLab) Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto www.comm.utoronto.ca/~valaee Joint work with Chen Feng, Anthea Au, Moshe Eizenman, Sameh Sorour, Sophia Reyes, Sam Markowitz, Deborah Gold, Keith Gordon

2. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 2 Indoor Navigation

3. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 3 Objective  To design an accurate indoor navigation system that can be easily deployed on commercially available mobile devices without any hardware modification.

4. Localization  Off-line measurements (site survey)  On-line localization  Coarse localization  Fine localization

5. Motivation Regulations: E911 Commercial: shopping mall advertisement Assistive: visually challenged precision 5 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee]

6. Where Am I? Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 6

7. 7 Fingerprinting Collect fingerprints and store Measure and compare What about privacy?

8. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 8 Received Signal Strength (RSS) ?

9. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 9 Fingerprinting  Collect fingerprints by measuring the power from access points  Store the results in a location server  The user: Fetches fingerprints from the server Measures the received power from available access points Compares the measured power with the fingerprints Privacy observed

10. Looking for a systematic solution Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 10 A newly developed theory in signal processing for sampling and reconstruction of sparse signals. Compressive Sensing

11. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 11 Localization Block Diagram  Two phases: Offline Phase Online Phase

12. 12 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] Offline Phase  Measure RSS from multiple AP and store the average and variance in the server

13. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 13 Clustering of Fingerprints  Adjacent points have similar RSS readings  An exemplar can act as a representative for the cluster  Clustering reduces computational complexity  Clustering removes outliers

14. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 14 Online Phase  Retrieve fingerprints from the server  Measure the RSS  Compare to the fingerprints in two steps Coarse localization Fine localization

15. Localization Steps  Coarse Localization Find the clusters to which I belong  Fine Localization Locate me inside the clusters Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 15

16. Anonymous Localization  Localization should be done on the mobile unit  Simple localization algorithm deployable on cellphones  Possibly a three-way solution Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 16 Two different IDs Authentication service

17. 17 Skip the details Indoor Navigation System

18. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 18 Implementation and Field Tests

19. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 19 Implementation  Buildings 4th floor of Bahen Center, University of Toronto Canadian National Institute for Blind (CNIB) Bayview Village Shopping Mall (North Toronto)  440,000 square feet, 110 stores  Device Windows Mobile Platform  PDA (HP iPAQ windows mobile 2003 pocket PC)  Samsung Omnia II smartphone Android Platform  HTC

20. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 20 Test Results (Clustering)

21. Localization Error with Tracking Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 21

22. CDF of Error Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 22

23. Testing stage- Omnia II 23 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee]

24. Testing stage  30 Subjects 15 testing group 15 control group  3 tests for each subject Test ## of turnsDistance (m) 1253.6 2229.4 3030.8 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 24

25. Comparison between 2 groups 25 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee]

26. Comparison between 2 groups 26 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee]

27. Comparison between 2 groups 27 Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee]

28. Comparison between 2 groups Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 28

29. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 29 Bayview Village Shopping Center

30. Opportunistic Localization Workshop - May 2012 [Valaee] 30 Result (positioning system in BV)

31. 31 Conclusion  A localization scheme for indoor environment using RSS, Compressive Sensing and Affinity Propagation has been proposed  Localization is done in two steps: coarse localization and fine localization  The solution has been implemented and tested in real environment and used for localization, navigation, and object finding  Since localization is done on the mobile, privacy is satisfied.