1. Aircraft Engine Emission Charges in Europe Emanuel Fleuti Flughafen Zürich AG 2005

2. Developments as per 2004 Zurich, 1997 Sweden (1), 1998 Industry Request for Model Harmonization EC  ECAC Discussion ECAC/ANCAT WG "ERLIG", 2001 Recommendation for European Model, 2003 (ECAC/27-4) Implementation 2004 Switzerland* Sweden* Further Implementation ? Geneva, 1998 Bern, 2001 Sweden (2), 2000 *very similar, but not identical model Next Steps Implementation

3. European Recommendation ECAC RECOMMENDATION ON NOx EMISSION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME* *adopted by the ECAC: Recommendation ECAC/27-4, July 2003 Basically: absolute NOx-emissions in the standard LTO-cycle HC to consider (older or newer) engine technology (factor 'a' for regulated engines) Continuous scale Applicable to all aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM Emission data from ICAO (regulated engines) and FOI (unregulated engines)

4. National Implementation ECAC Recommendation: Aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM Calculated Emission Values: Regulated engines (ICAO Data) Unregulated engines (FOI Data) Swiss Recommendation: Aircraft  8,618 kg MTOM Default Emission Values (Matrix with #, type and size of engine)

5. Default Emission Values for Small Aircraft # Eng. EcolightPiston up to 200 hp Piston 200-400 hp Piston >400 hp Helicopter <1000 hp Helicopter > 1000 hp Business- Jets (<16 kN) Business- Jets (>16 kN) Turbo- Props* 10.10.20.40.50.20.70.51.00.8 20.40.810.41.41.02.01.6 31.21.52.11.53.02.4 41.622.83.2 Emission Values Aircraft according to engine type, size and number of engines Applicable to all aircraft  8,618 kg MTOM (and above if no detailed emission data is available) * not all turboprop engines are contained in the FOI database

6. Current Emission Charges in Europe Switzerland (beginning 1.9.1997): - Original Model: g (NOx+VOC)/kN thrust; 5 emission classes; - Surcharge to landing charge of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% - applied at Zurich, Geneva and Bern for all aircraft France (1.1.2003): - applied at Basel: same model as currently applied in Switzerland; - landing charge multiplier of 0.94, 1.05, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30 (respective of emission class) Sweden (changed per 1.3.2004): - ECAC-Recommendation and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft; - SEK 50.00 per kg Emission Value (basically NOx) - Applicable at all airports for all aircraft United Kingdom (new as from 1.4.2004): - applied at BAA Heathrow, only for aircraft >8'618 kg MTOW - NOx-Emissions and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft - Bonus/Malus-System - GB£ 1.00 per kg NOx > 23 kg (and rebate of GB£ 1.00/kg NOx < 23 kg) - planned: implementation in Gatwick (1.4.2005) with a bonus/malus threshold of 15.5 kg

7. European Developments July 2003ECAC-Recommendation 27-4 endorsed October 2003Stakeholder Meeting @ECAC in Paris by Sweden and Switzerland 1.3. 2004Implementation of new model in Sweden 1.4. 2004Implementation of a model at BAA Heathrow Summer 2004Legal and advisory framework completed in Germany Summer 2004New status evaluation at Swiss Airports … 1.4. 2005Implementation of a model at BAA Gatwick (planned) …

8. Results (1) Operational Results Improvement in Fleet Development:

9. Results (2) Environmental Results Change in Aircraft Operation: - B747-200 replaced by A340-200: 4.0 t NOx/a*ac and 3.9 t VOC/a*ac (-82%) - MD82 replaced by A320: 2.0 t NOx/a*ac (-21%) (1 a/c, daily operations, %-reduction per LTO) Fixed Ground Power Systems: -75 t NOx (=4.3% of all airport NOx-emissions), -12,170 t fuel (2001) Reduction of idling/taxi time: Potential of -17 t NOx and -17 t VOC (at 2 min/ac, 150,000 cycles in 2000)

10. Results (3) Political Results Aviation Industry - Marketing with LowNOx-Engines (CFM56-5DAC) - Development of new technologies (Talon Combuster for PW8000) Politics - Local/regional acknowledgement - European discussion (1997) (1998)

11. Use of Revenues* Required Air Quality Monitoring (0.25 mio CHF/a) Required Emission Inventory Calculation (0.15 mio CHF/a) Required Fixed Ground Power at Piers (3.0 mio CHF/a) Contribution to CNG fuel station (0.1 mio CHF/a) Contribution to A/C ground movement improvements (infrastructure, guidance systems) *main items

12. Old Swiss and New European Emission Charges Model Fundamental Change: From:Technology ApproachTo:Emission's Approach (“polluter-pays-principle“) Main Points: Today:New: - Specific Emissions- Emission Value of Aircraft - 5 Emission Classes- Continuous Scale - %-Charge/Class- Charge = f(Emission Value) - Some Aircraft free of charge- all Aircraft pay Models can not be compared => Charges can not be compared