1. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Chapter 2: Configuring Network Protocols

2. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network2 Objectives Understand TCP/IP addressing Define TCP/IP parameters Configure TCP/IP parameters Work with TCP/IP networks Understand the process of subnetting a TCP/IP network Supernet several smaller networks Configure other network protocols Use bindings to optimize network connectivity

3. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network3 Overview of TCP/IP Most commonly used network protocol today Has wide vendor support Open protocol Provides access to the Internet Windows has been designed so that many of its features require TCP/IP

4. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network4 Defining TCP/IP Parameters To participate on a TCP/IP network, your computer must have a valid Internet Protocol (IP) address and subnet mask Optionally, you may configure gateway, DNS, or WINS information

5. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network5 IP Addresses An IP address: –Unique number assigned to the computer that identifies itself on the network Unicast involves directed communication between two single computers using TCP/IP Consists of four octets Composed of network and host IDs Only computers with the same network ID can communicate without the assistance of a router

6. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network6 IP Addresses (continued) ICANN has the overall authority over IP address assignments If the network is not connected to the Internet, the choice of IP address is entirely up to the network administrator

7. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network7 Subnet Masks Subnet masks are used to define which part of an IP address is the host ID and which part is the network ID Like an IP address, it is composed of four octets The simplest subnet masks use only the values 0 and 255

8. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network8 Subnet Masks (continued) A computer uses the subnet mask and IP address to determine its network ID In order to communicate, two machines must be on the same network Before sending a packet over the network, the computer will check to see if the destination address is on the same network

9. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network9 Default Gateway Another term for a router If a computer does not know how to deliver a packet, it sends the packet to the default gateway A router may be a dedicated hardware device or a computer with multiple network cards The router must be on the same network as the computer sending the packet

10. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network10 DNS Essential to a Windows Server 2003 network Resolves host names to IP addresses Used to find domain controllers Used to find Internet resources such as Web servers or e-mail servers Domain names must conform to a hierarchical naming scheme called DNS namespace of BIND

11. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network11 Configuring TCP/IP Parameters A static IP configuration is one in which the IP address of the machine is specified manually by the administrator DHCP performs the task of assigning IP addresses to machines automatically The network 169.254.0.0 is reserved for Automatic Private Addressing An address in the above range is generated if a DHCP server cannot be reached An address in the above range is not routable

12. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network12 Working with TCP/IP Networks Before working with TCP/IP networks, one must have a basic knowledge of: –IP address classes –Classless inter-domain routing –Reserved addresses

13. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network13 IP Address Classes IP addresses are divided into classes This class defines the default subnet mask of the device using the address All classes can be identified using the first octet of the IP address The classes are denoted A through E

14. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network14 IP Address Classes (continued)

15. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network15 IP Address Classes (continued) Class A has only 127 potential networks but 16,777,214 potential hosts Class B provides for 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts Class C provides for 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts Class D IP addresses cannot be assigned to computers and are used for multicasting Class E IP addresses are not used and considered experimental

16. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network16 Classless Inter-domain Routing At one time, IP address classes were used by routers on the Internet to move packets To improve efficiency, classless inter-domain routing was adopted Does not use the default subnet masks for routing Subnet masks must be defined for each network

17. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network17 Reserved Addresses A number of IP addresses and networks are reserved for special purposes A local broadcast uses the IP address 255.255.255.255 A directed broadcast uses the IP address obtained through the destination network ID and all host ID bits set to 1 Any IP address with the first octet set to 127 cannot be assigned to a host –These addresses are called loopback addresses

18. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network18 Subnetting TCP/IP Networks Subnetting involves separating a larger network into smaller networks to increase efficiency –Reduces collisions –Limits broadcasts –Controls traffic A router is required to move packets between subnets

19. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network19 Reducing Collisions A collision occurs when two computers attempt to transmit data at the same time Subnetting reduces the number of hosts on a network –Therefore reduces the amount of traffic on that network

20. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network20 Limiting Broadcasts Broadcast messages are generated by such services as NetBIOS name resolution, router communication, and service advertisements A packet that is broadcasted is read and processed by every computer on the network Subnetting reduces the number of hosts on each network –Results in fewer broadcasts for each network

21. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network21 Controlling Traffic Introducing routers over a network gives you more control over network traffic Most routers have the ability to control which packets are forwarded IP addresses are represented in dotted decimal format but are handled by computers in binary format Subnetting is based on binary numbers

22. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network22 Conversion between Binary and Decimal Binary digits are always one or zero Each octet in an IP address is converted to binary by the machine Windows calculator will perform the conversion between binary and decimal for you The conversion process simply involves changing the number system between base 10 and base 2

23. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network23 Working with Binary IP Addresses and Subnet Masks Subnet masks are represented in the dotted decimal format but handled in binary by computers 1 in the subnet mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network ID 0 in the subnet mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID ANDing: –Process used to separate network and host IDs from an IP address

24. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network24 Creating Subnets To subnet a network, take some bits from the host ID and give them to the network ID For simplicity, bits are taken from host ID in groups of eight A class B address is very large and typically needs to be subnetted Complex subnetting involves taking less than a full octet from the host ID The number of subnets can be calculated with the formula 2n-2 where n is the number of bits to remove from the host ID

25. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network25 Supernetting TCP/IP Networks Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting Used to create a larger network from multiple smaller ones Takes bits from the network ID and gives them to the host ID All networks being combined must be contiguous

26. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network26 Reasons for Supernetting Supernetting is used when a range of IP addresses larger than a class C network is required but a full class B network is not required May also be done to decrease routing complexity by replacing multiple networks with routers into a supernetted network with switches

27. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network27 Configuring Other Protocols IPX/SPX NWLink Appletalk Data Link Control NetBEUI

28. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network28 IPX/SPX The most common protocol in use for LANs in the late 1980s and early 1990s Less common now that TCP/IP was introduced Movement away from IPX/SPX was due to the gaining popularity of the Internet NetWare, a popular network operating system at the time, required this protocol

29. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network29 IPX/SPX (continued) IPX/SPX uses Service Advertising Protocol to locate services Packets consist of a network and computer ID Network ID is an 8-character hex number and the computer ID is a 12-character hex number No subnet masks are necessary (fixed lengths) Configure Server 2003 with an internal network address other than basic file and print services

30. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network30 IPX/SPX (continued) Has multiple frame types A frame is a fully assembled packet just before being placed on a network Computers configured with different frame types cannot communicate The ipxroute config command will tell you the current IPX configuration

31. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network31 AppleTalk This protocol is used to provide connectivity for Macintosh computers Windows Server 2003 can emulate a Macintosh file or print server There is no need to install the protocol if Macintosh computers are not connected on the network AppleTalk is routable and can be used on larger networks

32. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network32 Obsolete Protocols Several protocols were available in older versions of Windows and are not available in Windows Server 2003 Data Link Control is a nonroutable protocol that was used to connect mainframe computers NetBEUI was one of the most popular protocols for early Windows networks –Fast –Nonroutable –Can be autoconfigured

33. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network33 Configuring Protocol Bindings Binding is a process where a network protocol is configured to use a network adapter Windows Server 2003 allows specifying the ordering in which protocols are used For each adapter, you can specify which clients and services are bound You can also specify which network protocols are bound to each client or service

34. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network34 Summary Windows Server 2003 uses TCP/IP as its primary networking protocol There are several ranges of IP addresses reserved for internal use and are not routable on the Internet DHCP is used to automatically allocate IP addresses and other IP configuration information to clients If a DHCP server cannot be contacted, then clients use APIPA Subnetting divides a single large network into multiple smaller networks

35. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network35 Summary (continued) Computers work with IP addresses as 32-bit numbers A 1 is a bit that is part of the network ID. A 0 is to a bit that is part of the host ID Subnetting takes bits from the host ID and uses them as part of the network ID The formula 2n – 2, where n is the number of host bits, calculates the number of useable hosts Supernetting combines multiple smaller networks into a single larger network

36. 70-291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server Network36 Summary (continued) The IPX/SPX protocol can be used with the 32-bit version of Windows Server 2003; primarily used in networks where Novell NetWare is present The AppleTalk protocol is available for Windows Server 2003; used for connectivity with Apple Macintosh computers Bindings can be adjusted to optimize performance Most-used protocols should be listed first