1. کارایی وقتی خطا وجود نداردکارایی در حالت واقعی ( وجود خطا ) Stop-and-Wait ARQ Selective-Repeat ARQ Go-Back-N ARQ

2. Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses

3. IPv4 4 Octets, each of them is 8 bits (one byte), Total Length= 32 bits Depicted in decimal Example: 192.168.1.2 O4O3O2O1 IPv6 8 Sections, each section includes 4 4-bit Total Length=128 bits Depicted in Hexadecimal (Base-16) Example: A203:3205:B4F1:9650:784C:21D0:8863:001E S 14 S 13 S 12 S 11 S 24 S 23 S 22 S 21 S 34 S 33 S 32 S 31 S 44 S 43 S 42 S 41 S 54 S 53 S 52 S 51 S 64 S 63 S 62 S 61 S 74 S 73 S 72 S 71 S 84 S 83 S 82 S 81

4. IPv4 Address Classes 127.0.0.1 Loopback Test 126 - 1

5. Examples in Classes A,B and C CBAClass  193.15.32.0172.17.0.015.0.0.0Network Address 193.15.32.1 193.15.32.254 172.17.0.1 172.17.255.254 15.0.0.1 15.255.255.254 Host Range 193.15.32.255172.17.255.25515.255.255.255Broadcast Address

6. فقط جهت اطلاع ( نیاز به نوشتن و حفظ کردن ندارد )

7. Invalid IP Addresses IP RangeClass 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255A 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255B 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255C Others are valid IP ranges

8. Same SubnetsDifferent Subnets

9. Default Subnet Masks

11. Subnetting 192.168.3.0 is given We need 4 different subnets Subnet 1: 192.168.3.1/24 to 192.168.3.63/24 Subnet 2: 192.168.3.64/24 to 192.168.3.127/24 Subnet 3: 192.168.3.128/24 to 192.168.3.191/24 Subnet 4: 192.168.3.192/24 to 192.168.3.254/24

12. BinaryDecimal 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0254 1 1 1 1 255

13. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224 or /27 6 subnets each of them includes 30 hosts 654321Subnets  192.168.3.192192.168.3.160192.168.3.128192.168.3.96192.168.3.64192.168.3.32Network Address 192.168.3.193 192.168.3.222 192.168.3.161 192.168.3.190 192.168.3.129 192.168.3.158 192.168.3.97 192.168.3.126 192.168.3.65 192.168.3.94 192.168.3.33 192.168.3.62 Host Range 192.168.3.223192.168.3.191192.168.3.159192.168.3.127192.168.3.95192.168.3.63Broadcast Address 192.168.3.0 is given. We need at maximum 4 different subnets Or We need at maximum 30 hosts per subnet 2 X – 2 ≥ Maximum Number of Required Subnets or Hosts/Subnet

14. Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 or /23 126 subnets each of them includes 510 hosts 126…4321Subnets  172.41.252.0….172.41.8.0172.41.6.0172.41.4.0172.41.2.0 Network Address 172.41.252.1 172.41.253.254 …....... 172.41.8.1 172.41.9.254 172.41.6.1 172.41.7.254 172.41.4.1 172.41.5.254 172.41.2.1 172.41.3.254 *** Host Range 172.41.253.255.....172.41.9.255172.41.7.255172.41.5.255172.41.3.255 Broadcast Address 172.41.0.0 is given We need at maximum 110 different subnets 2 X – 2 ≥ Maximum Number of Required Subnets or Hosts/Subnet *** 172.41.2.1 to 172.41.2.255 (255 Hosts) 172.41.3.0 to 172.41.3.254 (255 hosts) 255+255=510

15. 10.0.0.0 is given We need at maximum 7865 different hosts/subnet The Related Table?