2.  King, W.E. and Lewinski, M. (2001). World History. Minnesota: American Guidance Service, Inc.: pgs. 346 - 366

3.  The Catholic Church was the dominant religious power during the Middle Ages  The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church  power often extended into government (controlled kings)  interpretation of the bible thought of as the “proper” way to practice Christianity

4.  Problems with the church began with an economic factor:  In 1294, King Phillip IV of France tried to tax French clergy (officials) but were unsuccessful in enforcing the tax for nearly 70 years!

5.  In the 1500’s, people challenged the religious authority of the church.  These people were referred to as “reformers” because they felt the church needed to be reformed or changed  Thus, “Reformation” is the movement during which people challenged and changed the Catholic religion in Europe

6.  An Englishman, one of the first reformers  Wycliffe believed:  the church had too much wealth and power  the bible, not the church, should be the authority for Christians  To allow more people to read the Bible, Wycliffe help translate the Latin Bible into English

7.  Huss was a scholar at the University of Prague  Heavily influenced by John Wycliffe  Huss and his followers publicly criticized the church  The church arrested Huss and burned him at the stake.

8.  German Monk who taught religion courses at a local university  In the mid-1500’s, disagreed with the Catholic Church selling “indulgences”  Indulgences were papers that stated people would not be punished for their sins

9.  Published 95 “theses” or statements speaking out against indulgences  Luther stated that indulgences were wrong because people could not buy forgiveness of their sins  These statements were sent to other countries, lowering the number of indulgences sold  Pope Leo X excommunicated or banned him from the Catholic Church

10.  Martin Luther began his own church around 1521 (The Lutheran Church)  Lutherans followed three basic principles:  Only faith in Jesus Christ could save people from sin  Religious truth came from the Bible (i.e. People should read the Bible and make decisions for themselves)  Christians do not need the clergy or special religious people to tell them what the Bible meant  Many German princes liked Luther’s idea and began to protest (challenge) the ways of the church. They became know as Protestants

11.  In 1509, King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife but the Pope refused  King Henry appointed a new archbishop, who approved the divorce…then proceeded to begin a new church (The Angelican Church)  King Henry’s son, Edward, would later accept many of the Protestant reforms during the 1540’s.

12.  Mary, Edward’s sister, made England Catholic  Elizabeth I, Mary’s half-sister, tried to join the Catholic and Protestant; many rituals became a blend of Catholicism and Protestantism  Some people in England were not happy with the compromise. These people were called Puritans. The Puritans would later leave England to settle in North America.

14.  Fully organized the Protestant belief  John Calvin believed:  People are born sinful (or bad)  Few people would be saved from sin  God already chose those who would be saved, called the “elect”  Much of John Calvin’s beliefs shape today’s Presbyterian Churches

15.  Counter-Reformation: to go against reform  The Catholic Church led the Counter- Reformation movement  Censor or choose books by telling people which ones they could read  Roman Inquisition - inquired into people’s beliefs and executed those who believed differently than the Catholic Church

16.  Purposes of the Counter-Reformation  To get rid of abuses within the church so that it would be a body worthy of people's respect  Stop any more people from turning Protestant  To bring Protestants back into the Roman Catholic Church

18.  Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants continued between 1550 and 1650.  Eventually, the persecution of Protestants (combined with England’s desire to colonize) led to the Protestants settling in the New World…the first Pilgrims or Puritans!