1. ANTHONY PYM PRINT AND MODERNITY IN TRANSLATION

2. A GRAND NARRATIVE Print is the communication technology of modernity (literacy, public education, direct access to text) Equivalence, as a direct relation between texts, is the translation ideology of print. The credibility of the translator is individual and is based on the relation with what is said in the text. In pre-print and electronic translation, all texts are in evolution, and the credibility of the translator is in relation to what works.

3. TESTING THE NARRATIVE The problem: Multiple vernacular variants of the Biblical texts (burning of Bibles in Tarragona in 1233 and in Salamanca in 1490) A pre-print solution: Mose Arragel’s translation from Hebrew to Castilian (1422-1430) (Biblia de Alba) A print solution: Cardinal Cisneros’s polyglot Bible (1502-1520) (the Complutense Polyglot) (The Gutenberg Bible was 1450-55)

4. THE BIBLIA DE ALBA

6. In principio creauit deus celum et terram En el prinçipio crió el señor los çielos e la tierra

7. THE BIBLIA DE ALBA

8. THE COMPLUTENSE POLYGLOT

9. almah = virgo = παρθένος (parthenos)

10. NOVUM INSTRUMENTUM (1516) virgo = παρθένος (parthenos)

11. THE DIFFERENCE Musa Dube: Change the text! American Bible Society: Change the way we interpret the text! (When there is only one copy, you can change the translation; when there are 600, it is a little harder.)

12. WHAT’S WRONG? Teamwork is present in both cases (although the client/user is more proximate in the pre-print case) Conscious repetition of error (Remi d’Auxerre’s etymologies occurs in the print case but not in the pre-print). The vernacular is used in pre-print but excluded in the print example. The political aim was much the same in both cases.

13. OTHER CAUSES? Shift from traslat- to traduc- from 1405 (around the 1430s in Hispania) The watershed debate between scholastic and humanist translation ideologies also occurred in the 1430s.

14. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL?

15. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO

16. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said?

17. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said? SHOULD HAVE DID SAY

18. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said? SHOULD HAVE DID SAY Should a Latin translation have Greek terms in it?

19. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said? SHOULD HAVE DID SAY Should a Latin translation have Greek terms in it? YESNO

20. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said? SHOULD HAVE DID SAY Should a Latin translation have Greek terms in it? YESNO Should juridical arguments be used when evaluating translations?

21. THE MAIN ARGUMENTS CartagenaBruni Evaluate a translation without knowing the SL? YESNO Translate what Aristotle said, or should have said? SHOULD HAVE DID SAY Should a Latin translation have Greek terms in it? YESNO Should juridical arguments be used when evaluating translations? YESNO

22. TESTING THE NARRATIVE The ideological shift, concerning the role of languages in community identity, occurred prior to the technological shift. (Ideas still matter.)

23. A HISTORY OF PRINTING