1. Hormones and Blood Sugar

2. Key Players In regards to maintaining blood sugar levels… In regards to maintaining blood sugar levels… The Pancreas The Pancreas The Liver The Liver

3. Player #1 The pancreas The pancreas Contains two types of cells… Contains two types of cells… Digestive Enzymes Digestive Enzymes Focus on hormone producing cells Focus on hormone producing cells Islets of Langerhans Islets of Langerhans Located where ?? Located where ??

4. Islets of Langerhans

5. Contain Alpha and Beta Cells Contain Alpha and Beta Cells Alpha Cells: Secrete Glucagon Alpha Cells: Secrete Glucagon Beta Cells: Secrete Insulin Beta Cells: Secrete Insulin

6. Player #2 The Liver The Liver Stores Glucose in the form of glycogen Stores Glucose in the form of glycogen

7. Before We Look At Mechanisms… Must understand: Must understand: Body has created Positive and Negative feedback systems Body has created Positive and Negative feedback systems

8. Positive Feedback Designed to accelerate or enhance a response that has already started Designed to accelerate or enhance a response that has already started Pushes systems outside of their normal range Pushes systems outside of their normal range

9. Example During Childbirth: During Childbirth: Pressure receptors encourage the release of Oxytocin in the Pituitary Gland Pressure receptors encourage the release of Oxytocin in the Pituitary Gland Oxytocin causes contractions Oxytocin causes contractions Pressure increases on the pressure sensors Pressure increases on the pressure sensors After the child is born, the pressure receptors are no longer stimulated and Oxytocin production ceases After the child is born, the pressure receptors are no longer stimulated and Oxytocin production ceases

10. Pressure Sensors cause the release of oxytocin Oxytocin causes contractions to intensify More intense contractions cause more pressure

11. Negative Feedback Designed to maintain the body systems within appropriate parameters Designed to maintain the body systems within appropriate parameters Mechanisms are activated to restore conditions to their normal state Mechanisms are activated to restore conditions to their normal state Keeps delicate systems working ideally and preserves body function Keeps delicate systems working ideally and preserves body function

12. Example Calcium Levels Calcium Levels If calcium levels in the blood are too low the parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone If calcium levels in the blood are too low the parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone causes the bones to release calcium Parathyroid hormone causes the bones to release calcium Parathyroid hormone also causes intestines to absorb more calcium Parathyroid hormone also causes intestines to absorb more calcium Blood calcium levels then return to normal Blood calcium levels then return to normal

13. Example cont’d Calcium Levels cont’d Calcium Levels cont’d If your calcium levels in your blood are too high If your calcium levels in your blood are too high The thyroid produces calcitonin The thyroid produces calcitonin Calcitonin increases the uptake of calcium to the bones Calcitonin increases the uptake of calcium to the bones Calcium levels return to normal Calcium levels return to normal

14. Therefore In the body we see more Negative Feedback Systems… In the body we see more Negative Feedback Systems… As part of homeostasis As part of homeostasis And as you can see it is very Structured, precise and complex. And as you can see it is very Structured, precise and complex.

15. Back to Blood Sugar

16. Glucose Regulation

17. You Decide Positive or Negative Feedback ?? Positive or Negative Feedback ?? Discuss and Explain Your Reasoning Discuss and Explain Your Reasoning

18. Diabetes Caused by insufficient production or use of insulin. Caused by insufficient production or use of insulin. If untreated causes: blindness, kidney failure and nerve damage. If untreated causes: blindness, kidney failure and nerve damage.

19. Insulin Without adequate levels Without adequate levels Blood sugar levels rises quickly following meals Blood sugar levels rises quickly following meals Kidneys are unable to reabsorb all the blood glucose being filtered Kidneys are unable to reabsorb all the blood glucose being filtered

20. What does insulin do… Required for cells of the body to become permeable to glucose Required for cells of the body to become permeable to glucose Therefore if insulin isn’t present glucose cannot enter cells and they become “starved” Therefore if insulin isn’t present glucose cannot enter cells and they become “starved”

21. Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes Type 1: Juvenile on-set Type 1: Juvenile on-set Occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin because of the degeneration of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans Occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin because of the degeneration of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans Type 2:Adult on-set Type 2:Adult on-set Decreased insulin production or ineffective use Decreased insulin production or ineffective use Can be controlled by diet, exercise or oral drugs (sulfonamides) Can be controlled by diet, exercise or oral drugs (sulfonamides)

22. Adrenal Glands – Regulating BSL Already Know – Located on top of the kidneys Already Know – Located on top of the kidneys Release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine Release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine How do these affect Blood Sugar Levels ? How do these affect Blood Sugar Levels ?

23. Nervous system senses a stressful situation Nervous system senses a stressful situation Short-term: Short-term: Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood This causes a rise in blood sugar levels This causes a rise in blood sugar levels Glucagon converted to glucose Glucagon converted to glucose Why do you think this is important ?? Why do you think this is important ??

24. Long-term: Long-term: Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids help the body meet the demands of stress. Glucocorticoids help the body meet the demands of stress. Cortisol – increases amino acids in blood Cortisol – increases amino acids in blood

26. Questions P. 383 # 2,3,4,5 P. 383 # 2,3,4,5

27. Q. 2 – How Does Insulin regulate blood sugar levels ? Insulin decreases blood sugar levels. When blood sugars are high, insulin is released. Insulin increases glucose utilization by making cells more permeable to glucose, and blood sugar levels are returned to a normal range.

28. Q.3 - Q.3 - How does glucagon regulate blood sugar levels? Glucagon increases blood sugar levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon is released and liver glycogen is converted into glucose. Blood sugar levels rise as glucose leaves the liver.

29. Q.4 - Q.4 - Using a flow chart, show a homeostatic adjustment for a person who has consumed a significant amount of carbohydrates in the past hour.

30. Q.5 - Q.5 - What advantage is provided by increasing blood sugar above normal levels in times of stress? This provides more glucose for cells. Glucose can be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular fuel. This ensures that greater energy will be available to the tissues of the body.