1. Procedures and Processes CRM Phases I-III Phase I: Reconnaissance Survey

2. Phase I Reconnaissance Survey

3. Just where are you, anyway?

4. Kinds of Maps Used for Survey USGS Topographic Maps

5. Kinds of Maps Used for Survey Aerial Photographs Photographs from the air allow an archaeologist to easily see aspects of the site that are invisible from a ground based vantage point without some very intense mapping. The lay of ancient riverbeds, prehistoric roadways, large scale affects on vegetation, and the layout of large monuments are all examples of common uses of aerial photography.

6. Aerial Photographs as Remote Sensing

7. Kinds of Maps Used for Survey County Plat Maps

8. Kinds of Maps Used for Survey Old Atlas and Insurance Maps A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa 1875 Sanborn Insurance Maps

9. Some Sources for Maps Used for Survey State Agencies Libraries Private Companies

10. The main steps in archaeological surveying 1. Preliminary research 2. Selection of sampling design 3. Identification of sites 4. Precise locating and recording of their position 5. Assignment of designating code 6. Basic recording of the characteristics of sites, including topographic characteristics, major environmental features, vegetational cover, cultural features and surface collections, direction of exposure, and degree of disturbance 7. Basic recording of subsurface features where possible, including soil types, depth and nature of cultural deposits, stratification, and geology 8. Assessment of the significance of each site and its suitability for further investigation or excavation (related to a particular theoretical problem at hand) 9. Assessment of the likelihood of future disturbances or destruction at each site 10. A synthesis of information about the survey area at large, including predictions about the site population, site densities and clustering, and most frequent environmental associations 11. Description of the overall impact of development on the total site inventory or the area (if a salvage situation) and general recommendations concerning future research

11. Selection of sampling design Judgmental Sampling: Units of study are selected on the basis of the researcher's opinion of the relative "productivity" of different areas. Probabilistic Sampling: Samples are obtained by random or systematic selection of sampling units.

12. 1.Simple Random Sampling: Each sampling unit in the entire field is numbered, and a certain percentage of units will be selected using a random number table 2. Systematic Sampling: The first sample unit is selected using a randomizing procedure, and all other units are chosen by a predetermined procedure (every fifth unit) 3. Stratified Systematic Sampling: The survey area is stratified into subclasses with each subclass serving as an independent universe; systematic sampling is then conducted within each independent universe 4. Stratified Random Sampling: The survey area is stratified into subclasses with each subclass serving as an independent universe; random sampling is then conducted within each independent universe

13. Methods of Surveying Transects: Crew members arrange themselves in linear survey units across the landscape and walk over the region to be investigated. Quadrats: The universe is gridded to define the sample units on the ground, and these equally sized units are called quadrats. Examination of surface material is conducted within each of the quadrats selected by the sampling design being used. Transects

14. Identification of sites SITE TYPES No category Rockshelter/cave Rock alignment—circular Rock alignment—depression Lithic scatter with ground tools Lithic scatter with flake tools and ground stone Lithic scatter with features Lithic scatter with reduction flakes Lithic scatter with flake tools Quarry (note materials present and predominant material) Petroglyph Pictograph Rock cairn Root-gathering area Midden Trail Road Historic camp/community Dam/intake Lookout Fence/corral Historic wood—unknown purpose Historic/recent trash dump Burial/grave/cemetery Find spot Traditional cultural property What qualifies as a site?

15. Predictive Models Potentially useful tools to predict site locations Foundations: Known locations of certain site types Detailed information of geomorphology & environment Environmental and culture factors known to influence locational behavior Statistical assessment Problems: “Ground-truthing” the model Statistical assessments “Unknown” does not mean “no sites!” MnModel example

16. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Rock/stone cairn Rock alignments Stone circle (tipi ring)

17. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Lithic Scatter Quarry sites Right: Profile view of the massive step trench excavated into the prehistoric jasper quarry at 36LH2 in Lehigh County. The prehistoric miners had excavated to a depth of 23 feet.

18. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Pictograph (painted) Petroglyph (pecked or incised) Rock Art

19. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Rock shelters

20. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Village sites

21. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Oregon Trail ruts Route 66 Roads & Trails

22. Identification of sites SITE TYPES—Examples Historic camp/community Sibley Campsite Larned, Kansas Ghost town of Mogollon, NM

23. Methods of Information Recovery 1. Surface Inspection/Collection 2. Shovel Test: generally a 10- x-10-cm hole 3. Test Pit: generally a 1-x-1-m or 2-x-2-m excavation unit 4. Observation: soil description, vegetation description, proximity to water, etc. 5. Deep testing 6. Remote sensing Shovel tests

24. Methods of Information Recovery Deep Testing Giddings RigBackhoe testing

25. Remote Sensing Ground Penetrating Radar

26. Remote Sensing Soil Resistivity Magnetomoter

27. Precise locating and recording of their position Total Station

28. Assignment of designating code Site Numbers or field numbers: 39BF1139BF11 Surface collection bags Field numbers for key artifacts

29. Recordation of information on site forms Basic recording of the characteristics of sites, including topographic characteristics, major environmental features, vegetational cover, cultural features and surface collections, direction of exposure, and degree of disturbance Basic recording of subsurface features where possible, including soil types, depth and nature of cultural deposits, stratification, and geology http://www.his.state.mt.us/shpo/CRISform.pdf See sample from Montana at:

30. Significance Assessment of the significance of each site and its suitability for further investigation or excavation (related to a particular theoretical problem at hand) Assessment of the likelihood of future disturbances or destruction at each site Danger to site?

31. The Report A synthesis of information about the survey area at large, including predictions about the site population, site densities and clustering, and most frequent environmental associations Description of the overall impact of development on the total site inventory or the area (if a salvage situation) and general recommendations concerning future research Click on the report above for a fairly complete Section 106 project report.