1. 2 -1 Lesson 2 Whole Farm Nutrient Planning By Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska

2. 2 -2 Why the Focus on Nutrients?

3. 2 -3 Water Quality Contaminants in Manure PossibleEnvironmental PossibleEnvironmental Pollutants Risk What are the top 5 components of manure that may cause water quality problems?

4. 2 -4 Water Quality Contaminants in Manure 1) Nitrate-NHealth 2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills 3) Phosphorus Eutrophication 4) Pathogens Health 5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion PossibleEnvironmental PossibleEnvironmental Pollutants Risk

5. 2 -5 1) Nitrate-NHealth 2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills 3) Phosphorus Eutrophication 4) Pathogens Health 5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion PossibleEnvironmental PossibleEnvironmental Pollutants Risk Water Quality Contaminants in Manure

6. 2 -6 Lesson 2 Objectives Define “Whole Farm” nutrient balance for animal feeding operations Is “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance an issue for my animal operation? Identify solutions to a “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance.

7. 2 -7 Fundamental nutrient question: Fundamental nutrient question: Is My Livestock or Poultry Operation Concentrating Nutrients?

8. 2 -8 Nutrient Concentration Regional nutrient concentration issues

9. Manure P vs. Crop Land P Use < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

10. Manure P vs. Crop Land P Use < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

11. Manure P vs. Crop Land P Use < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

12. < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100% Manure P vs. Crop Land P Use Do you live in region of regional nutrient concentration?

13. 2 -13 Nutrient Concentration Regional nutrient concentration issues Individual farm nutrient concentration issues

14. Nutrient concentration is common for many individual livestock operations. individual livestock operations.

15. Nutrient concentration is common for many individual livestock operations. individual livestock operations. Often caused by separation of ownership or distance between crop and livestock production.

16. 2 -16 Nutrient Concentration Regional nutrient concentration issues Individual farm nutrient concentration issues. Single field nutrient concentration issues.

17. 2 -17 What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient Balance

18. 2 -18 Nutrient Flows on Livestock Farms Farm Boundary

19. 2 -19 Nutrient Inputs Farm Boundary Inputs Feed Animals Irrigation Water Fertilizer Legume N

20. 2 -20 Managed Nutrient Outputs Farm Boundary Inputs Managed Outputs Meat & Milk Crops Manure

21. 2 -21 Farm Boundary Losses or Soil Storage Storage Losses & Soil Storage Managed Outputs Inputs

22. 2 -22 Farm Boundary Managed Outputs Recycling of Nutrients Feed Manure Inputs Losses or Soil Storage Storage

23. 2 -23 Farm Boundary Managed Outputs Are Nutrient Inputs & Managed Outputs in Balance? Inputs Losses or Soil Storage Storage

24. Are Nutrient Inputs & Outputs In Balance? Farm Pond 1 gal Water Out Water In

25. Are Nutrient Inputs & Outputs In Balance? Water Out Farm Pond 1 gal Water In 2 gal

26. Plugging the Leaks... Temporary Solution to Imbalance Water In Water Out Farm Pond 1 gal Sand Bags 2 gal

27. Water In Water Out Farm Pond Sand Bags Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance! 1.5 gal. 1.5 gal

28. Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance! Water Out Farm Pond 1.5 gal. 1.5 gal Water In Sand Bags

29. 2 -29 Typical Nutrient Balance on AFO’s

30. Are Inputs & Outputs In Balance? (11,000-Head Feedlot) Inputs Managed Outputs 1,080 ton N/yr. 240 ton P/yr. 430 ton N/yr 120 ton P/yr Losses or Soil Storage 650 ton N/yr. 120 ton P/yr Farm boundary

31. 0 1 2 3 4 5 101001,00010,000 Livestock Capacity (Animal Units) Phosphorus Balance (Ratio of In/Out) 100,000 Livestock Capacity vs P Balance

32. 0 1 2 3 4 5 101001,00010,000 Livestock Capacity (Animal Units) Phosphorus Balance (Ratio of In/Out) 100,000 Livestock Capacity vs P Balance Low Risk

33. 0 1 2 3 4 5 101001,00010,000 Livestock Capacity (Animal Units) Phosphorus Balance (Ratio of In/Out) 100,000 Low Risk High Risk Livestock Capacity vs P Balance

34. Phosphorus Inputs (% of Total) <250 250-2500 >2500 One Time Animal Capacity (animal units) Animals Fertilizer Feeds Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems Which P input is largest?

35. Phosphorus Inputs (% of Total) <250 250-2500 >2500 One Time Animal Capacity (animal units) 35% 62% 3% Animals Fertilizer Feeds Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems

36. Phosphorus Inputs (% of Total) <250 250-2500 >2500 One Time Animal Capacity (animal units) 35% 62% 3% 33% 47% 20% Animals Fertilizer Feeds Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems

37. Phosphorus Inputs (% of Total) <250 250-2500 >2500 One Time Animal Capacity (animal units) 35% 62% 3% 33% 47% 20% 1% 74% 25% Animals Fertilizer Feeds Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems

38. Nitrogen Inputs (% of Total) One Time Animal Capacity (animal units) Nitrogen Inputs to Livestock Systems <250 250-2500 >2500 15% 50% 3% 10% 50% 30% 3% 75% 20% Animals Fertilizer Feeds Legumes 32% 10% 2%

39. 2 -39 Are Nutrients “Out Of Balance” On My Animal Feeding Operation?

40. 2 -40 Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance ______Soil P increasing with time? ______ High soil P levels? ______Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources? ______Feed rations exceed NRC or university recommendations ______No nutrient plan for manure? ______< 1acre per animal unit Yes No Indicator

41. 2 -41 What are Appropriate Strategies for Managing Nutrient Imbalances?

42. Losses Farm Boundary “Plug the Leaks” Approach: Losses or Soil Storage

43. Does this correct a nutrientimbalance? Losses Farm Boundary “Plug the Leaks” Approach: Losses or Soil Storage

44. Does this correct a nutrientimbalance?NO Losses Farm Boundary “Plug the Leaks” Approach: Losses or Soil Storage

45. Sustainable Strategy No.1: Credit Manure Nutrients in Crops Farm Boundary Crops Fertilizer Legumes Crops Manure Losses or Soil Storage Storage

46. Farm Boundary Sustainable Strategy No.1: Credit Manure Nutrients in Crops Farm Boundary Crops Fertilizer Legumes Crops Manure Losses or Soil Storage Storage

47. Sustainable Strategy No.1: Credit Manure Nutrients in Crops Farm Boundary Crops Fertilizer Legumes Crops Manure Losses or Soil Storage Storage

48. Farm #12 Acres/AU 1.70.4. N Inputs Manure25208t/yr Fertilizer5937t/yr Legume N421t/yr N Output51111t/yr Imbalance27155t/yr Cropping System N Balance

49. Farm #12 Acres/AU 1.70.4. N Inputs Manure25208t/yr Fertilizer5937t/yr Legume N421t/yr N Output51111t/yr Imbalance27155t/yr Cropping System N Balance Will efficient use of manure to replace commercial fertilizer correct the imbalance?

50. Sustainable Strategy No. 2: Reducing Feed Inputs Farm Boundary Meat & Milk Recycling Feed & Forages Losses or Soil Storage

51. Sustainable Strategy No. 2: Reducing Feed Inputs Farm Boundary Meat & Milk Recycling Feed & Forages Losses or Soil Storage

52. Sustainable Strategy No. 2: Reducing Feed Inputs Farm Boundary Meat & Milk Recycling Feed & Forages Losses or Soil Storage

53. 2 -53 Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance (16 feedlots) N BalanceP Balance By-product used? Yes Yes No No

54. 2 -54 Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance (16 feedlots) N BalanceP Balance By-product used? Yes2.6 to 1 Yes2.6 to 1 No2.5 to 1 No2.5 to 1

55. 2 -55 N BalanceP Balance By-product used? Yes2.6 to 12 to 1 Yes2.6 to 12 to 1 No2.5 to 11.1 to 1 No2.5 to 11.1 to 1 Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance (16 feedlots)

56. 2 -56 Sustainable Strategy No. 3: Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm Farm Boundary Recycling Losses or Soil Storage Storage Managed Outputs

57. 2 -57 Sustainable Strategy No. 3: Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm Farm Boundary Recycling Managed Outputs Losses or Soil Storage Storage

58. 2 -58 Sustainable Strategy No. 3: Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm Farm Boundary Recycling Losses or Soil Storage Storage Managed Outputs

59. 2 -59 No Manure Marketed4.2 to 12.0 to 12.6 to 1 Current Marketing1 to 11.1 to 11.5 to 1 Effort Animal Units:4,30011,50021,000 Phosphorus Imbalance Resulting from Manure Marketing

60. 2 -60 Sustainable Strategy No. 4: Manure Treatment Farm Boundary Recycling Losses or Soil Losses or Soil Storage Storage Managed Outputs

61. 2 -61 Low Impact Losses Sustainable Strategy No. 4: Manure Treatment Farm Boundary Recycling Losses or Soil Losses or Soil Storage Storage Managed Outputs

62. 2 -62 Sustainable Strategy No. 4: Manure Treatment Farm Boundary Recycling Managed Outputs Losses or Soil Losses or Soil Storage Storage Low Impact Losses

63. 2 -63 Nutrient Balance Farm Boundary Inputs Feed Animals Irrigation Water Fertilizer Legume N Managed Outputs Meat & Milk Crops Manure Losses or Soil Storage Storage

64. 2 -64 Managing Nutrients with CNMP’s

65. 2 -65 Importance of CNMP’s “EPA, working jointly with USDA NRCS, has determined that the most effective way for all AFO’s to minimize water quality and public health risks is to develop and implement... Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans.” US EPA Guidance Manual for NPDES Permit for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

66. 2 -66 What Is a CNMP? Environmental “Operating Plan” for AFO Nutrient plan for “Whole Farm” and individual component (e.g. crop nutrient plan) Integrate nutrient plan with other issues (e.g. soil conservation and odor) Environmental record keeping system

67. 2 -67 What is Included in a CNMP? Manure handling and storage plan Land application plan Site management plan Record keeping Alternative manure use plan Feed management plan

68. 2 -68 One State CNMP Approach Annual Review Review as Necessary Strategic Plan Inventory Annual Plan Documentation & Records Plan Modification

69. 2 -69 Assessing Your Compliance With Environmental Regulations ( (See Table 2-5)

70. 2 -70 Agencies Involved in Regulating Nutrient Issues Federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (regional office contact information) State (Agency Name) (contact information)

71. 2 -71 Summary of Nutrient Management Requirements (list primary issues that are regulated)

72. 2 -72 Take Home Message

73. 2 -73 Take Home Message “Whole Farm” nutrient balance defines the magnitude of nutrient related risks. Many AFO’s exhibit nutrient imbalance. Nutrient strategies must address nutrient imbalance A CNMP will be the operating plan for nutrient planning.

74. 2 -74 Thank-you

75. 2 -75 This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Agriculture Assistance Center; and the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-EXCA-3-0642. Funding

77. Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy) Managed Outputs Inputs Losses or Soil Storage

78. Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy) Managed Outputs Inputs 29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr. Losses or Soil Storage

79. Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy) Managed Outputs 6.9 ton N/yr 0.8 ton P/yr Inputs 29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr. Losses or Soil Storage

80. Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy) Managed Outputs 6.9 ton N/yr 0.8 ton P/yr Inputs 29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr. Losses or Soil Storage 22.3 ton N/yr 1.8 ton P/yr

81. ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? (190 Sow Farrow to Finish) Managed Outputs Inputs Losses or Soil Storage

82. ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? (190 Sow Farrow to Finish) Managed Outputs Inputs 58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr. Losses or Soil Storage

83. ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? (190 Sow Farrow to Finish) Inputs 58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr. Managed Outputs 15 ton N/yr 3 ton P/yr Losses or Soil Storage

84. 43 ton N/yr. 4.4 ton P/yr ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? (190 Sow Farrow to Finish) Inputs 58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr. Managed Outputs 15 ton N/yr 3 ton P/yr