1. FUTURE ECO- HYDROLOGY MAPS FOR CITIES Pieter le Roux Khuluma Sizwe Series

2. SOILS: USEFUL INDICATORS Control hydrology –Hydrological soil types defined for ACRU –Hydrological hillslopes defined Support plants –Water supply –Fertility Reliable, observable – surface & near surface – realationships with –Hydrology –Ecology

3. IT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO SERVE Hydrology –Flow paths are better defined Actions preserving the environment –Ecosystems covering crest to valley bottom

4. SERVE WITH Writing of protocol –Define methodology within reach of stakeholders Writing policy –Conceptualise ecohydrological challenges

5. BECAUSE IT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO Identify flowpaths in soils and hillslopes Identify the hydrological dominant hillslopes in a catchment Measures what happens in hillslopes Simulates what happens in hillslopes Map the hydrological hillslopes –At reduced cost using Land Type Survey data

6. SERVE WITH MORE THAN FLOWPATHS Refine the roles of hydrological soil units in Hydrology Ecology

7. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION Of soils (site assessment) HoTFs: Hydrological soil horizon types STFs: Hydrological soil types Between soils and rocks (displaced effects) HiTFs: Hydrogical hillslope types

8. SOIL UNITS Soil horizons Soils/pedons Hillslopes Land Types

9. 13th SANCIAHS Symposium, Cape Town South Africa: 6 - 7 September 2007: Session 10 Soils MODELLING OF WEATHERLEY DISCHARGE

10. HYDROLOGICAL HILLSLOPES

11. HYDROLOGICAL HILLSLOPES TO MODELS

12. FROM 2D TO 3D Where does a hillslope ends?

13. Event driven Post event Seasonal

14. CONVENTIONAL SOIL SURVEY REPLACED BY DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING & DISAGGREGATION OF LTS

15. Horizon Soil

16. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units to develop transfer functions Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically IVZ response functions Soil response functions (STFs) Hillslope response functions (HiTFs) Land Type response functions (LTTFs)

19. How can hydropedology help reduce the impact of land-use change on water and soil ?

22. SOIL UNITS Soil horizons Soils/pedons Hillslopes Land Types

23. C B E D A F G H K J A = overland flow Erosion, shallow soils, Mispah, Glenr osa, etc B = infiltration Thicker soils, horizonisation C = soil recharge Water holding capacity, type of vegetation D = fractured rock recharge Lithology, dolomite, Karoo, granite E = groundwater recharge Stable regional water level F = A/B horizon interflow Sterkspruit, Valsrivier, Estcourt G = B/R interflow Real Mispah H = B/C horizon interflow Bloemdal, Pinedene, I = Fractured rock – C horizon return flow Thick chemically weathered saprolite J = Soil – surface return flow from soil flow paths E, sp, hp horizons K = Soil – surface return flow from fractured rock flow path G horizon I

24. C B E D A F G H K J A = overland flow Erosion, shallow soils, Mispah, Glenr osa, etc B = infiltration Thicker soils, horizonisation C = soil recharge Water holding capacity, type of vegetation D = fractured rock recharge Lithology, dolomite, Karoo, granite E = groundwater recharge Stable regional water level F = A/B horizon interflow Sterkspruit, Valsrivier, Estcourt G = B/R interflow Real Mispah H = B/C horizon interflow Bloemdal, Pinedene, I = Fractured rock – C horizon return flow Thick chemically weathered saprolite J = Soil – surface return flow from soil flow paths E, sp, hp horizons K = Soil – surface return flow from fractured rock flow path G horizon I

25. MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, ISOTOPE INDICATORS

26. 13th SANCIAHS Symposium, Cape Town South Africa: 6 - 7 September 2007: Session 10 Soils MODELLING OF WEATHERLEY DISCHARGE

27. HYDROLOGICAL HILLSLOPES

28. HYDROLOGICAL HILLSLOPES TO MODELS

29. FROM 2D TO 3D Where does a hillslope ends?

30. CONVENTIONAL SOIL SURVEY REPLACED BY DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING & DISAGGREGATION OF LTS

31. LAND TYPE INVENTORY

32. Land Types Soil distribution Hydrological hillslopes

33. 3D TO CATCHMENT: CPVI Groundwater Fractured rock & wetland Yellow subsoils Red subsoils Nomanci Overland & near surface macropore Kuenene, BT, et al., 2011. S. Afr. Geo. J.

34. SOIL TYPE RESPONSE TYPE HILLSLOPE TYPE HYDROPEDOLOGY Le Roux et al., 2009

35. APPLICATION AT LARGER SCALE MOOI CATCHMENT 307km 2 SOIL DISTRIBUTION PER LAND TYPE UNIT 14 th SANCIAHS SYMPOSIUM: Pietermaritzburg, 21-23 September 2009 CATCHMENT MODEL

36. SUMMARY Knowledge, skills and tools developed to: –Identify dominant hydrological hillslopes –Measure what happens in hillslopes –Simulate what happens in hillslopes –Improve implementation of PTF’s

37. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically of the IVZ

39. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units to develop transfer functions Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically IVZ response functions Soil response functions (STFs)

40. Horizon Soil

41. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units to develop transfer functions Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically IVZ response functions Soil response functions (STFs) Hillslope response functions (HiTFs) Land Type response functions (LTTFs)

44. 1D: PROFILE DRAINABLE WATER Soil horizons Duration of drainable water

45. RECHARGE INTERFLOW RESPONSIVE DRAINABLE WATER Soil water content

46. FROM 1D TO 2D: THE HILLSLOPE EFFECT Hutton Avalon Katspruit Valley bottom Ridge

47. MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, ISOTOPE INDICATORS

48. THEREFORE WE NEED MODELS

49. Land Types Soil distribution Hydrological hillslopes

50. 3D TO CATCHMENT: CPVI Groundwater Fractured rock & wetland Yellow subsoils Red subsoils Nomanci Overland & near surface macropore Kuenene, BT, et al., 2011. S. Afr. Geo. J.

51. SOIL TYPE RESPONSE TYPE HILLSLOPE TYPE HYDROPEDOLOGY Le Roux et al., 2009

52. APPLICATION AT LARGER SCALE MOOI CATCHMENT 307km 2 SOIL DISTRIBUTION PER LAND TYPE UNIT 14 th SANCIAHS SYMPOSIUM: Pietermaritzburg, 21-23 September 2009 CATCHMENT MODEL

53. SUMMARY Knowledge, skills and tools developed to: –Identify dominant hydrological hillslopes –Measure what happens in hillslopes –Simulate what happens in hillslopes –Improve implementation of PTF’s

54. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically of the IVZ

55. CONCEPTUAL MODEL Orthic A re un gh ne gs Flow Paths ot Bedrock INTERFLOW: WEATHERLEY

56. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION Extrapolation (spatial application) LTTFs: Land Type response (application of Land Type data)

57. Event driven Post event Seasonal

59. FUTURE NEEDS: CRITICAL VALUES Characterise hydrological response of soil units to develop transfer functions Horizon response functions (HoTFs) –Specifically IVZ response functions Soil response functions (STFs)