1. English 101 B Week 3 Notes MLA & Verb review

2. Agenda MLA rules Assign MLA assignment Review Kinds of Verbs Mood of Verbs Assign Essay 2

3. What is MLA? MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. The object of MLA is to promote study, criticism, and research in the more and less commonly taught modern languages and their literatures and to further the common interests of teachers of these subjects.

4. General Guidelines Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper, Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font like Times New Roman or Courier. The font size should be 10-12 pt. Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).

5. General Guidelines Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. Indent the first line of a paragraph one half-inch (five spaces or press tab once) from the left margin. Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)

6. General Guidelines Use either italics or underlining throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis. If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Endnotes take up space and do not count as towards meeting the minimum requirements for the paper.

7. Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested. In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Keep in mind the more space you take up here does not mean you need to write less. Instructors can tell if you have not written the minimum required for the assignment. Double space again and center the title. Don't underline your title or put it in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case, not in all capital letters.

8. Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Use quotation marks and underlining or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text, e.g., –Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play –Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking" Double space between the title and the first line of the text.

9. Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow their guidelines.)

10. Source Attribution MLA accomplishes source attribution through the use of: In-Text Citations ◦ Attributes sources in your paper as you discuss them. A Reference Page ◦ A list of sources used in your essay with more complete information about the sources. In-Text Citation: Delano is described as “a man of such native simplicity as to be incapable of satire or irony” (Melville).

11. Part One: In-Text citations Examples & Explanations

12. IN-TEXT (PARENTHETICAL) DOCUMENTATION – OVERVIEW In-Text Citations: Show readers from where the information was taken. Direct the reader to the Works Cited page. Are placed as close as possible to the borrowed material.

13. Delano blames the strange behavior of Don Benito on either some sort of elaborate performance or insanity (Melville). This is a paraphrase; none of the author’s words from the original text are used, but it does repeat the author’s ideas. Paraphrases MUST be cited to avoid plagiarism. Paraphrasing is easiest when taking a large amount of material and condensing it into a few sentences (for example, summarizing a scientific study or the meaning of a stanza of poetry). In-Text Citation – Paraphrase

14. In-Text Citation – Direct Quote Delano is described as “a man of such native simplicity as to be incapable of satire or irony” (Melville). The citation follows the quotation marks, but the period comes after the parenthesis.

15. In-Text Citation – Block Quote There are no quotation marks because the quote is clearly offset from the rest of the text. Punctuation comes before the citation for block quotes only. Since the author of the work is given in the text, it is not necessary to repeat it in the Citation. This needs to be done with quotes 3 or more lines long.

16. In-Text Citations - Using One of Two Sources by the Same Author. The railways forced “cities across England to standardize how they kept time so that the train schedules could be constructed” (Ramsey, “Railways”). Give the Author’s last name followed by a comma and the title of the work. Punctuation still comes after the parenthesis.

17. In-Text Citation – More than one Author Sometimes a work will have more than one author. In that case, here is how you would cite that: Twenty percent of all participants had brown eyes (Kretzke, Sheamus and Bacon). Most people surveyed said they had one eye with blurry vision (Kramer et. al) If there are 2 or 3 authors write all of their last names in the parenthetical citation or in-text. If there are 4 or more authors write the first authors last name followed by et. al in the parenthetical citation.

18. Multiple Sources In Text Citation To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon: –...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke; Dewey)

19. In Text Citation of Anonymous Work/Author Unknown If the work you are citing has no author, use an abbreviated version of the work's title. (For non-print sources, such as films, TV series, pictures, or other media, or electronic sources, include the name that begins the entry in the Works Cited page). For example: –An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is a Loser").

20. In Text Citations of Indirect Sources Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example: –Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman).

21. In-Text Citations – Further Reference For further reference on in-text citations, see the most recent edition of the MLA Handbook.

22. Part Two: Works Cited Page Examples & Explanations

23. Works Cited – An Overview The Works Cited page contains more detailed information for all of the sources used in the essay. It is found at the end of the essay on a separate page.

24. Example of a Work Cited Page

25. Things to Note: Hanging indent: 0.5 inch “Works Cited” is found at the top of the page in plain text, centered. Each entry begins even with the left margin and every additional line indented one half inch. Entries are entered alphabetically by first item—typically author’s last name. If there is no author, or if there are two works by the same author, alphabetize by title. All entries should be double spaced. ◦ There is no additional space between entries.

26. Works Cited – Book (Simple) Use the information from the title page and copyright page; do not use the cover. Omit any information that is not included in the book. If there is no author, for example, leave it out and begin the entry with the title. The general citation format is: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and the date.

27. Works Cited - Anthology Order of Citation: Author of the short work found in the anthology. Title of the work (in quotation marks). Title of the anthology itself (underlined). The abbreviation Ed. Editor’s name for the anthology. Volume number. Place of publication. Publisher and the date. INCLUSIVE page numbers for the short work (where it starts and where it ends).

28. Works Cited – Journal Article Author’s last name, First name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Periodical. Series number or name Volume Number. Issue Number (if pages are numbered separately for each issue—If pages numbers are continuous through volume, omit Issue Number) (Date of Publication): Inclusive Page Numbers.

29. Works Cited - Online Article Examples Author of the article. Title of the article (in quotations). Title of the journal (underlined). Volume number Date of publication (in parentheses followed by a colon) INCLUSIVE page numbers for the short work (where it starts and where it ends). The service used to retrieve it. The date of access (the date you accessed the article online). Journal Article Found Online Flynn, Kevin. “Destination Nation: 19 th Century Travels aboard the Canadian Pacific Railway.” Essays on Canadian Writing, 67 (1999): 190-222. EBSCOhost. Web. 1 June 2009.

30. Works Cited - Online Article Examples Title of the article (in quotations). Title of the newspaper, magazine, or website (underlined). Date of publication. The date of access. The web address from where the information was retrieved.

31. Works Cited - Online Article Examples Author of the article. Title of the article (in quotations). Title of the journal (underlined). Date of publication. The name of the sponsoring organization. The date of access. The web address from where the information was retrieved.

32. Works Cited – Website There are so many possibilities on the Internet that we can’t show all possible entries for internet sources. Below is the general format to follow: Author/Editor’s last name, First name. “Title of the Work (article, poem story, etc.).” Publication Information for any Print Source of the Material (In the same format as for that type of print source). Title of the Online Site. Ed. And Name of any Editor of Site. Version or Volume number for the Source. Date of Electronic Publication or Last Update. Range or Total Number of Paragraphs, Pages or Sections (if numbered—if not numbered, omit). Name of any Sponsoring Organization or Group. Date You Accessed Material.

33. Works Cited – Further Reference For further reference on Works Cited page, see the most recent edition of the MLA Handbook.

34. MLA Assignment P. 254 Exercise 1 Locating Sources –You will do a work cited page for the sources you use to answer the questions. P. 257 Exercise 2 Documenting Sources

35. Kinds of Verbs Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs Linking Verbs

36. Transitive Verb A verb that expresses an action directed towards a person or thing. Examples: –Customers bought products. –Yesterday the president called her. –The dog chased the cat. Transitive verbs need a direct object (the who or what the verb is done to).

37. Intransitive verbs Verbs that do not require an object to complete its action. Examples: –Bob worked in our Marketing department last year. –Stan dreams of owning his own business. –Francesca listened. –Reba ran.

38. Linking Verbs A linking verb links the subject to a word or phrase that renames or describes the subject. Examples: She is the new supervisor. He is the new manager. Patty’s salary is excellent. Tom was the caller.

39. Identify the type of verb Robert polished his shoes. I called my sister. Meg was the CEO of Ebay. I wrote that letter. Sam ran far. Lisa waited for the bus. Wayne is our gardener. She wrote quickly.

40. Answers Robert polished his shoes. Polished - transitive I called my sister. Called - transitive Meg was the CEO of Ebay. Was - Linking I wrote that letter. Wrote - transitive Sam ran far. Ran - Intransitive Lisa waited for the bus. Waited - Intransitive Wayne is our gardener. Is - Linking She wrote quickly. Wrote - Intransitive

41. Mood of verbs The mood of a verb indicates the writer’s attitude toward the action. There are three moods in English: –Indicative –Imperative –Subjective

42. Indicative Mood The indicative mood is used for ordinary statements of fact or question. –The light flashed on and off all night. –Did you check the batteries? This is the most common mood in the English language. Most of our communication is done in a matter of fact fashion or asking a direct question.

43. Imperative mood The imperative mood is used for commands, suggestions, or directions. The subject of the verb in the imperative mood is You. Often time the subject will not be present; rather it is understood to be you. –Stop shouting! –Come to New York for a visit. –Turn right at the next corner.

44. Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood is used for wishes, requirements, recommendations, and statements contrary to fact. For statements contrary to fact or for wishes, the past tense of the verb is used. For the verb be, only the past tense form were is used.

45. Subjunctive Mood –If I had a million dollars burning a whole in my pocket, I’d take a trip around the world. –If my boss were promoted, I would be next in line for his job. –If I were 18 again, I would do a lot of things different.

46. Subjunctive Mood To express suggestions, recommendations, or requirements, the infinitive form is used for all verbs. –I recommend that the houses be sold after the landscaping is done. –The registrar required that Maureen pay her bill before attending class.

47. Homework MLA Assignment –P. 254 Exercise 1 Locating Sources –P. 257 Exercise 2 Documenting Sources Handout on Verb Kinds and Moods Essay 2: Do you think social networking online is a positive or negative trend? Why? (must be at least one full page)