1. The National SA-CERN Program Presented by: ZZ Vilakazi (iThemba LABS) & J. Cleymans(UCT) On behalf of the SA-CERN Collaboration 1

2. The Role Role Players Players THE SA-CERN PROGRAMME

3. History of SA’s contribution to frontier–level Nuclear & High Energy Physics Some SA Graduates who have made an impact in the subject: Some SA Graduates who have made an impact in the subject:  S. Mandelstam [B. Sc. (wits)]: Variables for calculating kinematics for particle interactions. [IoP Dirac medal]  J. Dorfan [B. Sc. (uct)]: Director of Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC :1999 – 2007)  S. Teuklosky [B. Sc (wits)]: Numerical calculations; Cosmology

4. SA’s involvement at CERN thus far ISOLDE Collaboration (K. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN) ISOLDE Collaboration (K. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN) CERN- ALICE Collaboration (J. Cleymans (UCT) & Z Vilakazi (UCT)) + (Z Buthelezi & S Foertsch (iTL) CERN- ALICE Collaboration (J. Cleymans (UCT) & Z Vilakazi (UCT)) + (Z Buthelezi & S Foertsch (iTL) Signing of first Co-operation agreement (1992): R. Arndt (FRD president) & C. Rubbia (CERN-DG) CERN-NA43: Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop, Connell, Vilakazi), Florence - collaborationCERN-NA43: Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop, Connell, Vilakazi), Florence - collaboration –1992 – 1997 CERN-NA59: Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop [dec], Connell), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaborationCERN-NA59: Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop [dec], Connell), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaboration –1998 – 2007 CERN-NA63: Aarhus, UJ (Connell, Ballestrero), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaborationCERN-NA63: Aarhus, UJ (Connell, Ballestrero), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaboration –2008 – –Includes a FP7 application to develop Gamma Ray Lasers using diamond crystal undulators

5. The SA-CERN Program 1.SA CERN started as a consortium of researchers who had long standing research program with CERN  Modeled along the Australian, Indian and Brazilian programs.  Allows for central point of coordination and resource allocation. 2. Agreement was that iTL would act as a neutral institutional hosts for the SA-CERN program:

6. SA-CERN Program Host Institution: iThemba LABS (iTL) HOST MEMBERS ZZ Vilakazi (Director) V Spannenberg (Business Manager)ALICE Group Leader S Förtsch Deputy Leader RW Fearick (UCT)ATLAS Group Leaders SH Connell (UJ) & T Vickey (wits)ISOLDE Group Leader K Bharuth-Ram (UKZN) Nuclear and Particle Theory Group Leader S Karataglidis (Rhodes/UJ) Advisory Committee Executive Committee Chairman J Cleymans (UCT) DST SAIP NRF International Reviewer/s Governance Structure

8. ProgramPrincipal InvestigatorsField ALICE Experimental High Level Trigger for the Dimuon Spectrometer Z.Z. Vilakazi (iThemba/UCT) R.W. Fearick (UCT) S. Förtsch (iThemba) Z. Buthelezi (iThemba) G. Steyn (iThemba) B. Becker (iThemba/CSIR)) Computing: simulation, analysis, data acquisition, algorithms. ALICE Theory J. Cleymans (UCT), A.T. Muronga (UCT/UJ) Hadron Physics, QGP Physics, Hydrodynamics, Thermal Modelling. Nuclear and Particle Theory S. Karataglidis (UJ) J. Williams(RU) Nuclear reaction theory, Nuclear Structure, Exotic nuclei, Nuclear astrophysics. ISOLDEK. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN) D. Naidoo (Wits) Hyperfine interactions Mössbauer and channelling, solid state defects. Nuclear Physics ATLASS.H. Connell (UJ) & T Vickey (wits) ATLAS physics, etc.. SPS ProjectsS.H. Connell (UJ)QED with strong fields Bent Crystal beam extraction Crystal Undulator GRID High Performance Computing J. Cleymans (UCT) Z.Z. Vilakazi (iThemba) S.H. Connell (UJ) A.T. Muronga (UCT) B. Becker (iThemba/CSIR) GRID applications Cluster computing Existing activities at CERN involving South African scientists

9. 9 ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment at CERN-LHC Size: 16 x 26 meters Weight: 10,000 tonnes

10. Big Bang CGC/ Glasma QGP Little Bang WMAP data (3x10 5 years) Inflation Hot Era Plot by T. Hatsuda

11. CGC Glasma Initial Singularity sQGP Hadron Gas High Energy Density Gluonic Matter Gribov, Levin and Ryskin 1984 Mueller 1994 McLerran and Venugopalan 1994 Iancu Kovchegov New York-Tel Aviv-Paris- Helsinki-Frankfurt Thermalization?

12. 12 LHC: Plasma Energy Density; Lifetime Energy density expected to increase by factor ~ 2 – 3 Lifetime of QGP by Factor ~ 2 – 3

13. 13 LHC: extending the low-x Reach RHIC as opened the low-x frontier finding indications for new physics (CGC ?) LHC will lower the x- frontier by another factor 30 Can reach x = 3 * 10 -6 in pp, 10 -5 in PbPb

14. Jammu 2.2008 J. Schukraft 14 Participation of SA in ALICE Cape Town in ALICE: currently 6 senior staff + several students  UCT joined 2001, became UCT-CERN research center in 2003  iThemba LABS joined in 2008 Projects  Dimuon Arm: algorithms for online High Level Trigger (dHLT, commissioned in 2008)  Grid Computing: Computing Cluster integrated into ALICE GRID  Physics: Dimuon studies (acceptance, efficiency); W production in pp;.. Cape Town Heidelberg Bergen Dubna Tromsø HLT data challenge: Nov. 2004 Online test on ‘Grid’ ! Test latency tolerance Run stable for > 15 hours Rate limited by bandwidth IEEE Trans.Nucl.Sci.55:703,2008. UCT group 2004

15. Jammu 2.2008 J. Schukraft15 High-level Engagement Regular short/medium visits at CERNRegular short/medium visits at CERN Inter. Workshop on dimuon physics SA, 2004 VIP visitsVIP visits Minister Mangena(S&T), June 005 Dr Mjwara (DG DST), July 2007 Dr Mjwara (DG DST), July 2007 M. Shuttleworth, Feb. 2007 M. Shuttleworth, Feb. 2007 Minister M. Mangena, June 2005 SA team in ALICE, 2007

16. 16 Off-line Data processing 18TB Dec 2007: Data Processing during 1 st global Commissioning Run systematic reconstruction of all RAW data Reconstructed events made available to collaboration Accumulated data More from Bruce Becker Typical GRID operation during December 2007 Run In 2007: 65 Sites on 4 continents 7500 CPUs 1PB of storage Europe Asia North America Africa

18. 18 transition Search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter Study the properties of the onset of deconfinement in nucleus-nucleus collisions Physics of strongly interacting matter Measure hadron production at high transverse momenta in p+p and p+Pb collisions as reference for Pb+Pb results Precision measurements: Discovery potential: quark-gluon plasma hadron gas Physics goals of the NA61 experiment (I): Contributions by the iTL/UCT group to the CERN-SPS experiments.

19. 19 Baryochemical potential (MeV) Temperature (MeV) critical point 1 st order phase transition water strongly interacting matter Searching for the critical point

20. 20 The NA61/SHINE Collaboration: 122 physicists from 24 institutes and 13 countries: University of Athens, Athens, Greece University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland KFKI IPNP, Budapest, Hungary Cape Town University, Cape Town, South Africa Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Fachhochschule Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Jan Kochanowski Univeristy, Kielce, Poland Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia LPNHE, Universites de Paris VI et VII, Paris, France Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA KEK, Tsukuba, Japan Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

21. 21 Detector NA49: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A430, 210 (1999) NA61 upgrades: CERN-SPSC-2006-034, SPSC-P-330 NA49 facility + TPC read-out (x10) ToF (x2) PSD (x10) Beam pipe (x10)

22. 22 10 20 30 40 80 158 energy (A GeV) In+In C+C S+S p+p 10 20 30 40 80 158 energy (A GeV) ? Study the onset of deconfinement Search for the onset of the horn in collisions of light nuclei Precision measurements following the NA49 discovery

23. The Expected Landscape Quark Gluon Plasma

24. 24 10 20 30 40 80 158 energy (A GeV) Xe+La B+C Ar+Ca p+p In+In 158A 10A GeV Searching for the critical point Search for the hill of fluctuations Discovery potential

25. 25 Revised data taking schedule with ion beams 10 20 30 40 80 158 Xe+La energy (A GeV) Pb+Pb B+C Ar+Ca NA61 ion program p+p p+Pb NA49 (1996-2002) The first 2D scan in history of A+A collisions 2009/10 2010/11(13) 2012 2011/12 2014

26. 26 The NA61 revised data taking plan FR test-1 (FR test-2) secondary primary (secondary) iThemba LABS comes into the party

27. 27 Grenoble Test Source 2 (GTS2)at iThemba LABS iThemba LABS is in the process of assembling an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS GTS2) that was designed by CEA in Grenoble, France, but not manufactured by them, because that division closed down. iThemba LABS bought the design drawings of the source from them and is now in the final stage of assembling the source. This source is the only other source that is based on the same design as the heavy-ion ECRIS used at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility at The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) facility in Europe, and subsequently a collaboration agreement was proposed by CERN. A Letter of Intent was signed between iThemba LABS and CERN to outline the terms and conditions of the collaboration agreement, which involves the initial commissioning of the GTS2 ECRIS at iThemba LABS, followed by the study of specific heavy-ion beams as requested by the fixed target experiment (NA61) group at CERN. The aim will be to find the optimal source settings and to characterize the source behavior for these specific ion species. Construction is on schedule for completion by the end of 2010.

28. 28 ECRIS – GTS2

29. 29 Charge state Current (micro ampere) The beam currents are shown for the different charge states of a xenon from different sources. The AECR source is from the USA, the GTS source from CEA in France and SERSE and VENUS are super conducting sources from Italy and the USA, respectively.

30. Letter of Intent between iThemba LABS and CERN and Initial activities to ensure the success of this project The NRF made available R4M which was needed to buy and manufacture the outstanding components of the GTS2 ECRIS. Letter of Intention was signed by both parties on June 2010. CERN and iThemba LABS respectively contribute CHF50k and R200k for the execution of the project. Dr Rainer Thomae from iThemba LABS is visiting CERN from 27 July – 10 August 2010 to gain experience in operating the CERN GTS2 ECRIS. Dr Thomae will visit CERN later this year to assist with the operation of the CERN GTS2 ECRIS when it will be use to produce heavy ions for the CERN accelerators. Dr Detlef Kuchler from CERN will visit iThemba LABS by the end of 2010 to help iThemba LABS with the commissioning of the GTS2 source.

31. 31 Revised data taking schedule with ion beams 10 20 30 40 80 158 Xe+La energy (A GeV) Pb+Pb B+C Ar+Ca NA61 ion program p+p p+Pb NA49 (1996-2002) The first 2D scan in history of A+A collisions 2009/10 2010/11(13) 2012 2011/12 2014

32. AGSSPS RHICHeavy Ions at LHC From the Bevelac to the LHC:

33. SA could be a potential Gateway to allow access for the continent to CERN

34. Thank You

35. 35 Kink Horn Step collision energy AGS SPSRHIC hadrons mixed QGP collision energy hadron production properties AGS SPS RHIC Onset of deconfinement NA49 results (PRC77:024903): evidence for the onset of deconfinement at the low CERN SPS energies

36. 36 LHC: Cross-sections and Rates Cross-sections of interesting probes expected to increase by factors ~ 10 ( cc ) to ~ 10 2 ( bb ) to ~ > 10 5 (very high p T jets) 

37. 37 The kinematical range accessible Small x higher initial parton density qualitatively different matter produced at LHC mid-rapidity? tests of saturation phenomena? - bulk observables - pt-spectra in scaling regime - rapidity vs. dependence - … Large abundant yield of hard probes precise tests of properties of produced matter - color field strength - collective flow - viscosity - …