1. Chapter 2 Dialectology & Language Variation Nothing is permanent but change Heraclitus

2. True or False All dialects are equal

4. Whenever we speak… Language Strategic CompetenceCompetence OrganizationalPragmaticCompetence GrammaticalTextualIllocutionarySociolinguistic CompetenceCompetenceCompetenceCompetence VocabularyCohesionRhetorical DialectCultural OrganizationReferences SyntaxRegister Morphology Functional PhonologyAbilities The cartoon in the previous slide focuses on which aspect of dialectal difference? A. Vocabulary B. Morphology C. Phonology D. Syntax E. All of the above

5. Whaddya Think? Dialects have clear boundaries

6. Linguistic Atlas Example http://hyde.park.uga.edu/lamsas/lingmaps.html

7. Isogloss Map Created from multiple individual responses Indicator of dialectal tendencies NOT intended to capture distinct lines between groups of speakers Dialect boundaries often geographic, political

8. Dialectology – Vocab/Concepts Focal (urban) vs. relic (rural) areas Diachronic Change Family Tree William Labov Linguistic variable / Marker

9. Markers Grammar Don’t have any  Ain’t got none Word Choice y’all, yous, your’en, you them Pronunciation

10. Variation on a Theme… Dialect(Regional) Sociolect(Social) Ideolect(Individual) Provide examples of each…

11. Did Ja Git It? The dropping of “r” in “car”, “park”, etc in London and other parts of England is an example of which type of variation? A. Dialect B. Sociolect C. Idiolect D. All of the above

12. American English: Consonants Nearly complete set…

13. Data Collection & Analysis Sampling Techniques Random – “Best”…? Judgment Stratified Variables Dependant Independent Research Question (not in text) Null hypothesis (not in text) Questionnaires Start thinking about your final project NOW

14. You Tell Me… What are the problems with each? Informants Field method Observer’s paradox

15. Application What linguistic variables might be fun to look at in South Carolina? How would you expect them to vary by location, social class, and/or situation? 50¢ there ???

16. Whaddya Think? I am a “Typical South Carolinian”… Is there any such thing as a “Typical South Carolinian”?

17. Modern Dialectology Focus on urban speech Boundary interaction of dialects (Section 2.4)

18. Phonetic Variation in US Common dialect markers? Place them on vowel chart

19. Pronunciation Variation: A. Follows identifiable rules B. Follows fuzzy isoglosses C. Tends to occur between similar sounds D. Tends to compromise between dialects E. All of the above

20. Transplanted People Focusing creation of a new dialect from select features of a set… Tends to favor one or two of the most prominent or powerful dialects Mixing features from multiple dialects (though not equally, cf. focusing…) Leveling mixed and focused features are typically not purely any former language/dialect, but compromised adaptations New Dialect/ Language

21. Rural Dialectology Today… Focus on Vocabulary Passive understanding Idiosyncratic knowledge Metaphorical/idiomatic usage Mainstream  Slang Older users don’t think youngsters ‘get it’ Grammar & Phonology Slower to change…

22. Challenges for Dialectologists Prosody Rhythm, pitch, intonation, voice quality Acquired early in childhood Articulatory Setting Dialect (Boiling Springs) // Language (Cherokee) Discourse Style Particles (uh, yeah, y’know…) Register

23. Out of Context… Can you relate this to the study of language…?

24. Did Ja Git It? Which of the following is NOT a type of language variation? A. Personal B. Regional C. Social D. Temporal E. All of the above are variation types

25. Did Ja Git It? Which is an example of a “marker”? A. /l/ in the past tense in Indian languages B. “pail” vs. “bucket” in England C. “threw” vs. “throwed” in Missouri D. [ol] vs. [oil] in the South Carolina E. All of the above are markers

26. Did Ja Git It? Isoglosses are: A. Fixed boundaries between dialects B. Typically wide, straight lines C. Primarily based on political lines D. Based on single &/or multiple markers E. None of the above

27. Did Ja Git It? Dialects tend to: A. Stay stagnate for long periods of time B. Spread across areas in even waves C. Jump from one urban center to another D. Be affected by geographic features E. Both C and D are true

28. Did Ja Git It? Traditional Dialectology: A. Focused on urban areas B. Surveyed nearly all people in target areas C. Have been done for over 100 years D. Employed only professional linguists E. Both A and C are correct

29. For Tomorrow Social Dialects See schedule for details