2.  Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and body were inseparable

3.  Socrates and Plato: Used logic Knowledge is innate (we’re born with it)  Aristotle Used data and observation Knowledge comes from experience First to examine mental processes such as thought, motivation, and emotional catharsis

4.  Rene Descartes Found nerves in dissected animals  Bacon first to use scientific method  Locke Argued for tabula rasa (blank slate)  Empiricism Observation and experimentation are most reliable method of knowing

5.  Wilhelm Wundt conducted first experiment in 1879  Measured lag between perception and awareness http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/2012/07/31/ the-birth-of-experimental-psychology-how-do-we-measure-beginnings/

6.  Goal = find structural elements of the mind (not brain)  Edward Tichener used had subjects use introspection to describe experiences  Problems? http://heartofaleader.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/introspection-and-leadership/

7.  Looked at evolved purposes of thoughts and emotions  Thought processes must be adaptive (based on Darwin)  Founded by William James (American) http://epsychology.in/school-of-psychology.html

8.  Led by Max Wertheimer  Focused on perception, insight, and problem-solving  Believed the whole is different from the sum of the parts  German rebellion against Wundt’s analytic mindset http://www.whatispsychology.biz/gestalt-psychology-social-cognition-development

9.  Started by Freud  Focused on describing and treating abnormal behavior  Problems come from previously unresolved conflict (unconscious)  Used dream analysis and free association in therapy

10.  Started by John Watson  Focus is on the observable and measurable  Describes how behaviors are learned and modified http://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/?tag=behaviorism

11.  Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, 1980s  Rebelled against behaviorism and psychoanalysis  Focused on current environment, potential for growth, and needs for love and acceptance

12.  Counseling psychology Work with people with everyday problems Academic, career, relationships, grief,  Clinical psychology Work with patients with ongoing mental, emotional, or behavioral problems  Psychiatry Go to medical school Can prescribe medication and other physical treatments Also use psychotherapy

13.  Advise companies on organization, hiring, training, morale, and compensation of employees  Human factors psychologists study human/machine interaction Product design