1. Nuclear Medicine
Quality control

2. Uniformity gamma camera
divide by flood source image
No correction
Energy correction
E + Linearity
E + L + Flood correctie

3. Uniformity PET camera Uncorrected Corrected sinogram Blank scan
projection
Correction: energy
uniformity
dead time

4. QC gamma camera Whole Body bed motion uniformity pixel size SPECT
Planar
uniformity
energy resolution
linearity
spatial resolution
dead time
sensitivity
pixel size
Whole Body
bed motion
uniformity
pixel size
SPECT
center of rotation
detector position
Phantom

5. dead time straightforward: decaying source
two sources with (nearly) same activity

6. Center of rotation

7. Detector position

8. well counter dose calibrator survey meter

9. well counter
NaI(Tl)
PMT
lead shielding

10. well counter lead shielding NaI(Tl) PMT a H sens = 1 2 1+ 𝐷 𝐷 2 + 𝐻 2
sensitivity

11. gas filled detectors - - - + - applied voltage output current
ionization
chamber
proportional
counter
Geiger-Müller - - - + + + - - - + - - -

12. dose calibrator
isotope selection

13. dose calibrator - + + -
output current = const x air kerma (or Ar kerma)
function of isotope energy!

14. dose calibrator
with Cu filter

15. survey meters
ionisation detector (Xenon)

16. survey meters
scintillator (NaI(Tl))

17. contamination monitor, spectrometer
NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal

18. contamination monitor

19. Image analysis

20. SUV: standard uptake value
somewhat controversial
only valid if procedure is standard:
time between injection and image
condition of patient
...
used all the time!

21. example: analysis of heart images

22. Image analysis
18F-FDG
13N-NH3

23. perfusion + metabolism

24. Gated PET

25. Partial volume constant activity big pixels

26. Partial volume constant concentration finite resolution
perfect resolution
Partial volume constant concentration finite resolution
finite resolution
Recovery
Spill-over

27. Partial volume constant activity finite resolution

28. Gated MIBI, thickening 3 4 2 5 1 6 2 4 6 8
200
400
600
800
1000 7

30. Tracer kinetic modelling

31. Dynamic PET
13N-NH3 perfusion study
20 s.
40 s.
3 min
20 min

32. Dynamic PET
11C-acetate perfusion/oxidative metabolism study

33. Kinetic modelling k3 K1 k2 k4 Extra- Blood Metabolized vascular 0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
100
200
300
400
500
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
100
200
300
400
500

34. 3 comp model C’p C’E C’M Glucose: k’3 K’1 k’2 k’4 - metabolized = 0

35. 3 comp model Cp CE CM K1 k2 k3 k4
FDG:
not metabolized
but accumulated

36. Laplace transform

37. 3 comp model Cp K1 k3
FDG: CE CM k2

38. 3 comp model
Lumped constant:
Glucose consumption:

39. Motion correction 16 17 15 14 12 13 11
11C-Acetate

40. Tracer kinetic modelling: NH3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
100
200
300
400
500

41. parametric modelling: acetate

42. Image quality

43. Bias and variance A is better than B! more regularisation variance
which method is better? B A
bias

44. Software evaluation nice  correct image quality is task dependent
simulation, phantom, (animal), clinical

45. Dosimetry

46. Dosimetry Q(photons, electrons, positrons) = 1
Q(neutrons, protons) =
Q(a-particles) = 20
MIRD formalism (SNM)

47. effective dose A B

48. L = 4 cm
R = 2 cm
D = 10 cm
d = 2 cm
= 0.15 /cm (140 keV)
m = /cm (511 keV)
1 MBq 123I: gamma: 0.84 of 159 keV
electron: 0.13 of 127 keV
halflife: 13 h
1 MBq 18F: 1 positron of 250 keV
109 min

49. dosimetry For organs with uptake: 3D VOIs pixelwise MBq/cc measurement
=> Total organ activity

50. residence times evaluation of tracer for ORL-1 receptors in the brain
Residence time (hr) for the liver:
S1:
S2:
S3:
Residence time (hr) for the thyroid:
S1:
S2:
S3:
evaluation of tracer for ORL-1 receptors in the brain

51. Olinda: MC-based dosimetry
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 19: Radiation Absorbed Dose Estimates from 18F-FDG

52. dosimetry background radiation: ..2.. mSv / year = 5.5 mSv / day
= 0.2 mSv / hour
patient:
18F-FDG, 300 MBq  6 mSv
99mTc-MIBI 740 MBq  11 mSv

53. the end