1. Go4 Visitor Pattern Presented By: Matt Wilson

2. Introduction 2  This presentation originated out of casual talk between former WMS “C++ Book Club” (defunct program) developers who wanted to continue to get together on occasion to discuss technical topics.  It’s expected that all Senior Software Engineers understand the G04 Design Patterns well, and thus their occasional review is useful.

3. Introduction 3  This Presentation Series was created to not only teach what the patterns are, but explain best-practices of when and why you would want to use them  Sources used here included the Gang of 4 Design Patterns Book, Head First Design Patterns book, and many online articles and discussion boards on the topic.

4. Visitor Pattern 4

5. What-is/Why-use Visitor Pattern? 5  Formal definition: “Represent an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure. Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates.”  Or in other words: Visitor Pattern enables you to add Operations* to Classes without changing the Class’ interface.  A “Visitor” class encapsulates an Operation (“doX()”)  A Visitor can perform its operation on any object that supports being “visited”.  Support for being “visited” is added to a class by inheriting from the Visitable-Element interface.

6. What-is/Why-use Visitor Pattern? 6  *Operations can be thought of like Methods, but with the following difference:  Methods use Single Dispatch: Code that gets called only depends on the dynamic type of one object.  Visitor Operations use Double Dispatch: Code that gets called depends on the dynamic type of two objects, the Visitor and the object being visited.  Visitor is a useful pattern to use when you want to perform operations across a structure of objects.  Visitor is a useful pattern to use when working in Graphical GUI systems, where you don’t know what the object types are.

7. Visitor Pattern – UML 7

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9. Visitor Pattern – example (Java) 9 //Element interface public interface Visitable { public void accept(Visitor visitor); } //concrete element public class Book implements Visitable { private double price; private double weight; //accept the visitor public void accept(Visitor vistor) { visitor.visit(this); // Second Dispatch Here } public double getPrice() { return price; } public double getWeight() { return weight; } }

10. Visitor Pattern – example (Java) 10 public interface Visitor { public void visit(Book book); //visit other concrete items public void visit(CD cd); public void visit(DVD dvd); } public class PostageVisitor implements Visitor { private double totalPostageForCart; //collect data about the book public void visit(Book book) { //assume we have a calculation here related to weight and price //free postage for a book over 10 if(book.getPrice() < 10.0) { totalPostageForCart += book.getWeight() * 2; } //add visitor methods for every other concrete class that the Visitor need to support public void visit(CD cd){...} public void visit(DVD dvd){...} //return the internal state public double getTotalPostage() { return totalPostageForCart; }

11. Visitor Pattern – example (Java) 11 // Our main program public class ShoppingCart { //normal shopping cart stuff private ArrayList items; public double calculatePostage() { //create a visitor PostageVisitor visitor = new PostageVisitor(); //iterate through all items for(Visitable item: items) { item.accept(visitor); // First Dispatch Here } double postage = visitor.getTotalPostage(); return postage; }

12. Visitor Pattern – Type Switching done better? 12  Other uses: Visitor Pattern can be useful for encapsulating fragile type-switching code:  Example, instead of this:  If (X is typeA) { doA } else if (X is typeB) { do B() }…  You can do this:  X.accept(visitor);  The visitor encapsulates the appropriate operations (doA, doB, etc.) based on what Type of Object X is.

13. Visitor Pattern – Type Switching done better? 13  Note: Switching on Type is a Code Smell that might get flagged in a Code Review. Remember that your classes shouldn’t have references to Concrete Classes to begin with, according to one of the five SOLID Principles of OO Design.  Before implementing Visitor to replace the if-else logic, the design should be examined to see if it type switching can be avoided entirely.

14. Visitor Pattern – If-Else 14  It was noted in the presentation on Strategy/State Patterns that they are also effective at removing if-else logic, however the differences are:  In Visitor Pattern, the removal is achieved by replacing if/else- type-switching with the Visitor’s double dispatch mechanism.  In Strategy/State Patterns, the removal is made by single dispatch via a call to the current Strategy or State, and is not based on type-switching.

15. Visitor Pattern Tradeoffs 15  Upsides:  A Visitor is highly cohesive, as it is only responsible to perform a single operation.  We can create as many Visitors as we want without changing underlying structure.  Downside:  Visitors are highly coupled to the elements they visit because they need to reference every type they have to visit.  If the object hierarchy it has to visit changes, then ALL visitors need to change.  Guideline: Use Visitor when the visited object hierarchy isn’t expected to be extended over time.

16. When to use the Visitor Pattern 16  Use the Visitor Pattern when:  You want to a dd functions to class libraries that you don’t have access to the Source Code.  You want to recover type information without doing a dynamic cast.  You want to apply an operation over a Composite Pattern, because Visitors can traverse a Composite.  You want to apply an operation to a bunch of unrelated objects, thus avoiding the need to implement Proxy Pattern.  You want to encapsulate operations into single classes, rather than change your derived classes to add these operations.

17. Visitor Pattern Questions ? 17