1. Chapter 10 Energy In a Cell
Cellular Energy Chapter 10

2. I. ATP All living things need energy
In a cell, energy is released when chemical reactions break chemical bonds

3. ATP is adenosine triphosphate- a chemical compound that living organisms use to store and release energy
1. It is made when organisims break down glucose and starch.

4. ATP has 3 major parts:
A. Adenine
B. Ribose
C. Phosphate

6. General Structure

7. b. ATP stores energy when the third phsophate is added
I. With only two phosphates the molecule is called ADP, or adenosine diphosphate

8. ADP molecule
Adenine
Phosphate
Ribose

9. ii. ADP is like a re-chargeable battery

10. Fully Partially Charged Charged Battery Battery
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
Charged
Battery
Partially
Charged
Battery

11. ii. Because ATP only stores energy for a short period of time the cell has more ADP than ATP
iii. Cells use the energy from carbohydrates to add phosphates to ADP to create more ATP when needed

12. Energy from ATP Provides energy for metabolic processes
active transport
moving organisms into the cell
Cell growth and repair
Movement, digestion etc.

13. 5. ATP moves two potassium and three sodium ions across the sodium-potassium pump in different direction

14. ADP + P + Energy ---> ATP
ATP --> ADP + P + Energy

15. Copy and complete:
List the three parts of an ATP molecule. Adenine, ribose sugar, and phosphate
Compare and contrast ATP and ADP. ATP has one extra phosphate
How is energy released from ATP? From the bond on the third phosphate
List three transactions in a cell that require ATP. Active transport, cell growth, movement
What sugar does ADP contain? ribose
Where is the energy stored in ATP? From the bond on the third phosphate
What happens to ATP after the energy has been released? It forms ADP-like an uncharged battery

16. Photosynthesis

17. I. All organisms need energy.
a. The sun is the main source of energy for all living things

18. b. All living things live by releasing energy found in the chemical bonds of compounds such as glucose

19. Living things can be:
1. Autotrophs- organism, like plant, that use the sun’s energy to make energy containing compounds such as sugar and carbohydrates

20. 2. Heterotrophs- organisms, like animals, that get energy from the sun indirectly by consuming food that have energy stored in them

21. CO2 + H2O + Light -> O2 + C6H12O6
II. Photosynthesis- process in which autotrophs use the energy in the sun to change water and carbon dioxide (CO2) into simple sugar and oxygen
The equation for photosynthesis is:
CO2 + H2O + Light -> O2 + C6H12O6

22. There are two main parts of photosynthesis
a. Light Dependent Reactions
i. This stage requires light.
ii. Electrons in the chlorophyll absorb the light energy.
-Chlorophyll are structures in the chloroplasts that reflect green and yellow light and absorbs all others
iii. Energy from electrons is used to convert ADP to ATP.

23. Light Energy
Sugars + O2
CO2 + H2O
Sugars + O2

25. Absorption of Light Energy by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

26. iv. Water molecules are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
v. Hydrogen ions attach to carrier molecules to be used in later steps of photosynthesis
(The carrier molecule NADP becomes NADPH)

27. Photosynthesis Overview
CO2
ATP
NADPH
H2O
Light
ADP
NADP
Chloroplast
Light
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Sugars
Oxygen

28. b. Light Independent Reaction/The Calvin Cycle
i. The second part of photosynthesis
ii.This stage does NOT require light
iii. Enzymes combine carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with the hydrogen ions (from the light reactions) to form simple sugars

30. iv. This stage uses the ATP from the light reactions and stores it in the chemical bonds of glucose
v. Excess simple sugars are stored as complex carbohydrates---cellulose and starch
vi. Plants break down the sugars from photosynthesis for growth and development

33. Affects on the rate Photosynthesis
Intensity of light
Amount of water
Temperature (0-35oC)

34. Copy and Complete
What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen
Where does the energy come from to convert ADP to ATP? electrons
What three factors influence the rate of photosynthesis? Amount of light , water and temperature