1. Interactions of Living Things
Chapter 1, Section 1: Everything is Connected

2. Ecology
Ecology - The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment.
Environment consists of all things that affect the organism.

4. Two Parts of the Environment
1. Biotic - All of the LIVING organisms in an environment.
2. Abiotic- All NONLIVING parts
in an environment.
Ex: Water, soil,
light, temperature,
rocks, etc.

5. Levels within Environment
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

6. 1. Organism
Any living thing
Example: Cow

7. 2. Population
Group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area
Ex: Cow in a field

8. 3. Community
All of the populations of species that live in the same habitat & interact with one another.
Ex. Cows, grass, birds, ants, bacteria, etc. in a field

9. 4. Ecosystem A community of organisms and their abiotic environment.
Ex. Cows, grass, bees, ants, nutrients, air, soil, precipitation, temperature, in a field

10. 5. Biosphere
Part of Earth where life exists. Extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air.

11. Recap Questions
What is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment?
Ecology
What are all the living organisms in an environment called?
Biotic
What are all the nonliving parts in an environment called?
Abiotic

12. Recap Questions
Name the 5 levels of the environment from smallest to largest.
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
What is a community of organisms and their abiotic environment?
Ecosystem
What are all of the populations of species that live in the same habitat & interact with one another?
Community

13. Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1, Section 2: Living Things Need Energy

14. Energy
Organisms obtain energy in a variety of ways. There are 3 groups individuals based upon the way they accumulate energy:

15. 1. ) Producers
Producers - are organisms that make their own food using sunlight in a process is called photosynthesis.
Examples: plants, algae, bacteria

16. 2.) Consumers
Consumers - Organisms that eat other organisms.

17. Four Types of Consumers:
A.) Herbivores- only eat plants
Examples: Rabbit , Guinea pig, Sheep

18. Four Types of Consumers:
B.) Carnivores- only eat animals.
Examples:
Coyote, Cheetah, Tiger

19. Four Types of Consumers:
C.) Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
Examples:
Humans
Skunks
Pigs

20. Four Types of Consumers:
D.) Scavengers- eat dead plants and animals
Examples:
Vulture
Crab

21. Pd 1 starts here

22. 3.) Decomposers
Decomposers – organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms. Examples: - Bacteria - Fungi Also known as:“Nature’s Recyclers”!!

23. Food Chain
Food Chain - diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another.

24. Pd 2, 9 starts here

26. Organisms usually favor a of food, which is why a simple food chain is usually rare.

27. Food Web
Food web -shows all of the different possibilities of energy flow between different organisms.
Diagram that shows
the feeding
relationships
between organisms
in an ecosystem

28. Pd 8 starts here

29. The green arrows show how energy moves when one organism eats another
The green arrows show how energy moves when one organism eats another. Most consumers eat a variety of foods and can be eaten by a variety of other consumers.

30. DO NOW – Match the term with the definition.
Organisms that eat only meat
Another word for heterotrophs
All of the populations that live in the same habitat & interact with one another
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Organisms that eat only producers E
Herbivores
Consumers
Carnivores
Community
Ecosystem B A C D

31. Pd 7 starts here

32. Energy Pyramid Energy pyramid shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy.
The most amount of energy is found at the bottom of an energy pyramid.

33. Energy Pyramid
As you travel up the pyramid there is less energy left from the original source.
Less energy is available at higher levels because only energy stored in the tissues of an organism can be transferred to next level.

34. Energy Pyramids

35. The pyramid represents energy
The pyramid represents energy. As you can see, more energy is available at the base of the pyramid than at its top.

36. Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
Recap Questions
What are the 3 main groups that obtain energy?
Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
What are organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms?
Decomposers
What are organisms that make their own food using sunlight during photosynthesis?
Producers

37. Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Scavenger
Recap Questions
What are organisms that eat other organisms?
Consumers
What are the 4 types of consumers?
Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Scavenger
What is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another? ]
Food Chain
What shows all of the different possibilities of energy flow between different organisms?
Food Web

38. Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1, Section 3: Types of Interactions

39. Habitat An organism’s habitat is the area in which it lives.
Example: A frog lives in a pond

40. Niche The organism’s way of life, is called their niche.
This includes their habitat, food, and the abiotic factors that affect them such as temperature and weather.

41. Interactions with the Environment
Populations affect every other population
Most living things produce more offspring than will survive (ex: frog eggs)
Biotic and abiotic factors affect survival rate and controls the size of the population

42. Interactions with the Environment
Populations cannot grow without resources.
There is a limited amount of resources such as food, water, living space.
Limiting Factors - a resource that is so necessary that it limits the size of the population.
Any resource can be a limiting factor!

43. Limiting Factors

44. Pd 1 starts here

46. Carrying Capacity
The largest population that an environment can support at any given time.
When a population grows
larger than carrying capacity,
limiting factors cause
individuals to leave or die off.
**The population will eventually return to a size that the environment can support**

47. pd 2 starts here

48. Interactions between Organisms
Four main ways that species and individuals affect each other:
Competition
Predators and prey
Symbiotic Relationships
Co-evolution

49. 1.) Competition
When 2 or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource.
Resources have a limited supply, therefore the use by one decreases the availability for others.
Happens within populations or between
populations

50. 2.) Predators and Prey Prey – is an organism that is eaten
Have methods & abilities to keep from being eaten
Run
Travel in groups
Camouflage or Coloration
Poisonous
Predator – is an organism that eats the prey
They have methods to catch their prey
Speed
Ambush
Coloration

51. Camouflage
Camouflage - blending in with the background

52. Defensive Chemicals
Skunks
Bees
Wasps
Frogs

53. Warning Colors
Warning coloration - colors that associate with pain or illnesses.
Bright red, yellow, orange, black and white

54. 3.) Symbiosis
Relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other.
Can benefit from, be unaffected by or harmed by the relationship.
3 Groups:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

55. ++ Mutualism Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
Examples:
Bacteria in your
intestines
Coral and algae

56. Commensalism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
+ 0
Example:
Sharks and remoras (remoras “hitch a ride” and feed on scraps left by sharks and sharks are unaffected)

57. Parasitism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is harmed. (+ -)
Parasite = organism that benefits
Host = organism that is harmed
Parasite gets nourishment from host while host is weakened or sometimes killed.
Example:
Ticks, tapeworms, tomato hornworm, etc

58. 4.) Coevolution
The evolution of two species that is due to mutual influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more beneficial to both species.
Relationships between organisms change over time and interactions can change the organism
Takes place between any organisms that live close together, but happens over long periods of time

59. Coevolution & Flowers
Pollination is necessary for reproduction of plants
Pollinator- Organism that carries pollen from one flower to another.
Example: Bees, bats, hummingbirds, etc
Flowers have changed to attract pollinators
Example: Color, odor or nectar

60. Recap Questions
What is a resource that is so necessary that it limits the size of the population?
Limiting Factor
What is the largest population that an environment can support at any given time?
Carrying Capacity
What type of interaction is it when an organism gets eaten by another organism?
Predator and Prey

61. Recap Questions
What type of interaction is it when 2 or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource?
Competition
Skunks, bees, frogs fend off their predators by what?
Defensive Chemicals
What type of interaction is it when two different organisms live in close association with each other?
Symbiosis