1. Review Questions

2.  Organisms that make their own food are called _____________.

3.  Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs.

4.  Organisms that eat autotrophs are called ____________.

5.  Organisms that eat autotrophs are called heterotrophs.

6.  Organisms that cannot make their own food are called ___________.

7.  Organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs.

8.  The activities of the cell are powered by ________ _____.

9.  The activities of the cell are powered by chemical fuels.

10.  One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is _________ __________.

11.  One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is adenosine triphosphate.

12.  What is the difference between ADP and ATP?

13.  ADP has only two phosphate groups while ATP has three.

14.  How does a cell store and release energy as needed?

15.  A cell stores energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP and releases energy by removing a phosphate group from ATP to make ADP

16.  How do cells use energy provided by ATP?

17.  In active transport processes such as the Na-K pump and in the movement of cell organelles.

18.  Why do cells have only a small amount of ATP?

19.  ATP doesn’t store a large amount of energy.

20.  Roughly, how much more energy does one molecule of glucose have than one molecule of ATP?

21.  90 times

22.  This is the process that plants use energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates.

23.  photosynthesis

24.  What scientist performed experiments in the 1600’s in order to determine where a trees’ mass came from?

25.  Jan van Helmont

26.  What scientist discovered that plants produced oxygen?

27.  Joseph Priestley

28.  Jan Ingenhousz proved that photosynthesis required _____.

29.  Jan Ingenhousz proved that photosynthesis required light.

30.  Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ________.

31.  Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments.

32.  The plants’ principal pigment is called ___________.

33.  The plants’ principal pigment is called chlorophyll.

34.  Why are plants green?

35.  The chlorophyll in plants does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. The green wavelengths are reflected.

36.  How well would a plant grow under the presence of yellow light?

37.  It wouldn’t grow very well at all. Chlorophyll a and b need to absorb light in the blue and red part of the visible spectrum respectively.

38.  Inside of the chloroplasts are saclike photosynthetic membranes called _________.

39.  Inside of the chloroplasts are saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids.

40.  Stacks of thylakoids are called _____.

41.  Stacks of thylakoids are called grana.

42.  Into what two stages do scientists divide photosynthesis?

43.  Light dependent and light independent reactions

44.  Where do light dependent reactions take place?

45.  In the thylakoid membranes which are in the chloroplasts.

46.  Where does the Calvin cycle, or the light independent reactions, take place?

47.  In the stroma, the region outside of the thylakoid membrane.

48.  Cells use ________ ________ to transfer high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

49.  Cells use electron carriers to transfer high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

50.  A _______ ________ is a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule.

51.  A carrier molecule is a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule.

52.  What is NADP+ able to accept?

53.  Two high energy electrons and a H+ ion.

54.  What do the light dependent reactions produce?

55.  Oxygen gas, ATP, and NADPH

56.  What are the reactants for the light dependent reactions?

57.  ADP and NADH+

58.  What does the Calvin cycle remove from the atmosphere?

59.  Carbon dioxide

60.  What does the Calvin cycle produce?

61.  carbohydrates

62.  A _______ is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.

63.  A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.

64.  The Calorie that is used on food labels is a ___________.

65.  The Calorie that is used on food labels is a kilocalorie.

66.  ________ ___________ is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

67.  Cellular Respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

68.  What is the first reaction in cellular respiration?

69.  glycolysis

70.  The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.

71.  The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis

72.  How many molecules of ATP does glycolysis produce?

73.  How many molecules of ATP does glycolysis produce? 2

74.  Glycolysis can provide energy to cells when ______ is not available.

75.  Glycolysis can provide energy to cells when oxygen is not available.

76.  What does glycolysis break down?

77.  What does glycolysis break down? glucose

78.  A process of glycolysis that releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen.

79.  Fermentation

80.  Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be _________.

81.  Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be anaerobic.

82.  What are the two main types of fermentation?

83.  Alcoholic and lactic acid

84.  The buildup of ______ ____ causes a painful, burning sensation in the muscles during vigorous exercise.

85.  The buildup of lactic acid causes a painful, burning sensation in the muscles during vigorous exercise.

86.  _______ is the element that is necessary for the final steps of cellular respiration.

87.  Oxygen is the element that is necessary for the final steps of cellular respiration.

88.  Cellular respiration is said to be _______ because it requires oxygen.

89.  Cellular respiration is said to be aerobic because it requires oxygen.

90.  The second stage of cellular respiration is the _____ ______.

91.  The second stage of cellular respiration is the Krebs cycle.

92.  What is the first compound formed in the Krebs cycle?

93.  Citric acid

94.  The _______ _________ _____ uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

95.  The electron transport chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

96.  The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain enable the cell to produce ___ more ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

97.  The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

98.  What are the final wastes of cellular respiration?

99.  Water and carbon dioxide