1. Research Methodology Lecture No :14 (Sampling Design)

2. Recap Data collection Interviews and Questionnaires Personally Administered Questionnaires Mail questionnaires Guide line for wordings – Content and purpose (Subjective vs Objective) – Language and wording ( slang/technical) – Types of formats (open / closed ended) – Positively worded and Negatively worded – Bias/ Favoritism(Leading, loaded, ambiguous, double barrel, socially desirable) Length of the question Funneling

3. Lecture Objectives Define sampling, reasons for sampling, sample, population, element, sampling unit and subject Sampling process Different sampling design

4. Sampling The process of selecting the right individuals, objects, or events as representative of entire population is known as sampling. Population Sample

5. Relationship between sample and population

6. Reasons for Sampling Budget and time Constraints (in case of large populations) High degree of accuracy and reliability (if sample is representative of population) Sampling may sometimes produce more accurate results than taking a census as in the latter, there are more risks for making interviewer and other errors due to the high volume of persons contacted and the number of census takers, some of whom may not be well- trained

7. Population It refers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate. Example: If regulators want to know how patients in nursing homes run by a company in France are cared for, then all the patients in all the nursing homes run by them will from the population.

8. Element An element is a single member of a population Example: If 1000 blue collar workers(labor workers) in a particular organization happen to be the population of interest to a researcher, each blue collar worker therein is an element.

9. Sample A sample is a subset or subgroup of the population. By studying the sample, the researcher should be able to draw conclusions that are generalizable to the population of interest. Example: If there are 145 in-patients in a hospital and 40 of them are to be surveyed by the hospital administrator to access their level of satisfaction with the treatment received, then these 40 members will be the sample.

10. Sampling unit It is the element or set of elements that is available for selection in some stage of sampling process. Example: Sampling units in a multistage sample are city blocks, households, and individuals within the households.

11. Subject It is a single member of the sample, just as an element is a single member of the population. Example: If a sample of 50 machines from a total of 500 machines is to inspected, then everyone of the 50 machines is a subject, just as every single machine in the population of total population of 500 machines is an element

12. Parameters The characteristics of the population such as the population mean, the population standard deviation, and the population variance are referred to as its parameters. Example: Average weight, µ, of all 30 year old women in Australia, % of voters, p, in N.S.W who think the Government is doing a good job to control inflation.

13. The Sampling Process Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of right elements from the population so, the major steps in the sampling include. 1.Defining the population 2.Determine the sample process 3.Determine the sampling design 4.Determine the appropriate sample size 5.Execute the sampling process

14. The Sampling Process

15. Defining the population Sampling begins with precisely defining the target population. The target population must be defined in terms of elements, geographical boundaries and time. Example: A target population may be, for example, all faculty members in the Department of Management Sciences in the V-COMSATS network, All housewives in Islamabad, All pre-college students in Rawalpindi,

16. The target group should be clearly defined if possible, for example, do all pre-college students include only primary and secondary students or also students in other specialized educational institutions ?

17. Determining the sample frame The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all the elements in the population from which he sample is drawn. Also termed as a List. Often, the list does not include the entire population. The discrepancy is often a source of error associated with the selection of the sample (sampling frame error) Information relating to sampling frames can be obtained from commercial organizations

18. Example: Student telephone directory (for the student population), the list of companies on the stock exchange, the directory of medical doctors and specialists, the yellow pages (for businesses)

19. Determining the sample design Two major types of sampling Probability sampling The elements in the population have some known, non zero chances or probability of being selected as sample subjects. Non probability sampling The elements do not have a known or predetermined chance of being selected as subjects.

20. Factors affecting sampling design The relevant target population of focus to the study The parameters we are interested in investigating The kind of sample frame is available Costs and Time are attached to the sample design and collection of Data

21. Determining the sample size The decision about the how large the sample size should be can be very difficult one. These factors affecting the sampling decision are The research objective The extent of precision desired(the confidence interval) The acceptance risk in predicting that level of precision(confidence level) The amount of variability in the population itself The cost and time constraints In some cases, the size of population itself

22. Executing the sample process In this final stage of sampling process, decision with respect to the the target population, the sampling frame, the sample technique, and the sample size have to be implemented.

23. Example: A young researcher was investigating the antecedents of salesperson performance. To examine his hypotheses, data were collected from the chief sales executive in the Pakistan (the target population) via mail questionnaire.

24. The sample was initially drawn from the published business register (the sampling frame), but supplemented with respondent recommendations and other additions, in a judgment sampling methodology. The questionnaires were subsequently distributed to sales executives of 450 companies (the sample size).

25. Non response and non response errors A failure to obtain information from a number of subjects included in the sample Those who do respond to your survey are different from those who did not on (one of the) characteristics of interest in your study Two important sources of non response errors are not at homes and refusals

26. Reducing the rate of refusals The rate of refusals depends, among other things, on the length of the survey, the data collection method and the backing of research. Decrease in survey length, personal interviews/questionnaire instead of mail questionnaire and the sponsorship of the research often improve the overall return rate.

27. Recap Sampling is the process of selecting the right individuals Sample is used to represent the whole data or population Sampling process include defining population, sample frame, sampling design, sample size and sampling process