1. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY FEM4105 Psychology of Personality & Human Dynamics BS(PM)-PJJ Week 3-4 INSTRUCTOR: SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB, PhD. sitinor@upm.edu.my/012-2841844

2. Personality Theory Psychoanalytic Social Psychoanalytic Behaviorism Social-Learning Biological Trait Cognitive Humanistic

3. PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE

4. Psychoanalytic Theory “conscious becoming aware of the unconscious…” Accepts the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

5. Psychoanalytic Theory Important theorists: Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler

6. Sigmund Freud: Father Of The Psychoanalytic Theory Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856 Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and established a private practice for the treatment of nervous disorders.

7. Determinism Vs Choice Biological determinism vs. Psychological determinism - Freud emphasized psychological rather than biological as he said: “Consciousness knows nothing of... neurons.”

8. Freud’s View Of A Person Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying aggressive and sexual excesses) –Dominated by forces outside of conscious control.

9. Classic Theory: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Basic tenets: –Constant struggles between desire to meet biological urge and realities of living. –Unconscious process influence behavior

10. Personality Structures What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind?? –ID: inborn, operate based on pleasure and self-satisfaction, powered by libido –EGO: based on reality, helps to meet needs of id with considering the reality situation –SUPEREGO: based on moral and ethical restraints

12. Psychosexual Theory ORAL STAGE (Birth to 18 months) -Focus on oral pleasures (sucking) -Very dependent on others -Pessimistic and aggressive behavior dev. ANAL STAGE (18 months to three years) -Focus on eliminating and retaining faeces -Control anal stimulation (anal expulsive) -Obsess to cleanliness (perfect or messy) PHALLIC STAGE (ages three to six) -Focus on genitals -Unconscious sexual desires: boys to mother(Oedipus Complex); girls to father(Electra Complex) LATENCY STAGE (age six to puberty) -Sexual urge repressed and libido (energy) is channeled in to school work or sports -Id, ego and superego are fully developed GENITAL STAGE (adolescence-adulthood) -Puberty starts as sexual urges are once again awakened

13. SOCIAL PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE

14. Moving away from Freud- Why? Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in shaping personality.

15. Neo-Analytic Theorists –Alfred Adler (1870-1937) –Carl Jung (1875-1961) –Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) –Karen Horney (1885-1952)

16. Alfred Adler Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911 –Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges

17. Carl Jung Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913 –Basic disagreement over the importance of sex drive –Tired of Freud’s concern with pathological side of human nature

18. The Development of Personality No formal stages of development During childhood… And a second puberty… Individuation Meyers-Briggs type indicator

19. Erik Homburger Erikson Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and superego with modifications Described identity as… Confusion about identity or Identity crisis

20. Personality Development Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year old) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler,1-3 year old) Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood, 3-6 years old) Industry vs. Inferiority (Elementary School Age, 7-12) identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-19) Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20-29) Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood, 30-50) Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age, above 50)

21. Karen Horney Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941 –Could not accept some of Freud’s views concerning women –Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy –More focused on social world and social motivations than Freudians

22. Assets of Neo-Analytic Theory Emphasizes the self –cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity

23. BEHAVIORISM PERSPECTIVE BEHAVIORISM PERSPECTIVE John Watson

24. What is Behaviorism?  Understand behavior by focusing on the external contingencies of reinforcement (any consequence of an action that increases the probability of that action being executed again) and punishment (any consequence of an action that decreases the probability of its repetition)

25. Theorists of Behaviorism Pavlov “Classical Conditioning” Thorndike “Law of Effect” Skinner “Operant Conditioning”

26. How can these rules of behavior, derived from the experiments with animals be applied to understanding human personality?

27. Applying Behaviorism to Personality  B.F. Skinner - most of human behavior is driven by secondary reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their value from primary reinforcers.

28. Does Behaviorism explain personality?  HOW?  Human current behavior is the result of their past learning  Albert Bandura   self-representations  self-efficacy

29. SOCIAL LEARNING (SOCIAL COGNITION) PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL LEARNING (SOCIAL COGNITION) PERSPECTIVE Albert Bandura

30. Social Cognitive Theory Focus on role of modeling on behavior as well as the role of social influences, expectations, and interpretations on behavior.

31. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy in personality development  Can a person’s self-efficacy be changed?  HOW?  People organize their perceptions, thoughts and beliefs about a situation in simple and meaningful ways (grouping, categorizing), which will then determine their behavior and personality

32. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

33. Biological Perspective In Personality Theorists use biological processes in an attempt to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching biological links with behavior. Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925) proposed a correlation of mental disorder with the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.

34. Biological Perspective In Personality Personality are inherited from parent genes  passing the inherited characteristics. (Evolutionary) Biological processes is concerned with how these genes influence behavior through the various chemicals within the brain. (Biological theory) Temperament: individual differences in - reactivity - self-regulation

35. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE

36. Definition What is TRAIT? – A habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion, which is stable over time – Every individual have different trait. Traits serve three major functions: –To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct

37. Theorists Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997)

38. Allport’s Disposition Theory  Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits/personal dispositions  Four categories of traits:  Cardinal: Strongly recognized and dominant, not many people have them  Central: Basic, characterize daily interaction, most people have 5-10  Secondary: Exhibited in specific situation only, easily modified than central traits  Common: Recognized within a culture, vary between cultures.

39. Cattell’s Trait Theory Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major dimensions of personality: –L-data (life data): data gathered from one’s life record(e.g.rating of peer/official) –Q-data (questionnaire data): information gathered from questionnaire and interview (e.g. self rating questions) –T-data (experimental data): information gathered from objective testing situations. Subject often unaware of being measured

40. Hans J. Eysenck Eysenck – extroversion-introversion: shy, quiet people (introverts) versus out-going, even loud people (extroverts). More likely to take risks and make friends. – neuroticism-stability: emotional stable or instable, tendency to become emotionally upset. Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:- –Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits) –Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)

43. Five Factor Model 1. Extraversion-introversion: shows how much they relate to and prefer to work with other people (prefer group activities/prefer individual activities) 2. Neuroticism-stability: shows tendency to worry (overall calm/anxious disposition) 3. Conscientiousness-undirectedness: shows how structured we are (rigid schedule/laid back) 4. Agreeableness-antagonism: shows levels of empathy and aggressiveness (understanding/skeptical) 5. Openness to experience: shows levels of practicality and curiousity (interested in new ideas/traditional) (Robert McCrae & Paul T. Costa Jr.)

44. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

45. Cognitive Perspective Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors  personality.

46. George Kelly: pioneer in 1930s Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and behaviorism perspectives. individual differences as a result of how we interpret and predict the events that affect us.

47. Kelly’s 3 big ideas –What we think determines what we do. –Some properties of our thoughts. –Techniques can help people change.

48. Albert Ellis  Ellis interpretation of cognitive model is often described as the A-B-C process.  According to Ellis, we experience:

49. Cognitive Social Learning Theory Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel cognitive factors  determine how people will react to environmental forces.

50. Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System Mischel Cognitive factors  important in shaping personality. How?????? Also recognize inconsistency of some behaviors

51. Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System Inconsistency of some behaviors are due to: – Consistency Paradox –Person-Situation Interaction

52. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

53. Humanistic Approach  Humanistic personality theorists -Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers -Rollo May

54. Humanistic Approach  It encompasses phenomenological and existential approaches to human nature. -Phenomenological -Focus on subjective experience -Existentialism -Focus on the authenticity, freedom, responsibility, and individual options when confronted with threat of meaningless and non-existence

55. Abraham Maslow  "hierarchy of needs,“ -a series of needs that people need to satisfy before they could reach their full potential. -emphasized on particular needs that people need to satisfy before they could become self-actualized.

56. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Physiological Safety Belongingness Esteem

57. Carl Rogers Influence of psychotherapy: the purpose of psychotherapy was to help patients find their "true selves." emphasizing on: Unconditional Positive Regard Conditional Positive Regard

58. Rollo May COURAGE TO BE! each person need to take responsibility for his or her own choices even though constantly threatened by failure and, more importantly the possibility of non- being (death or dissolution). personal growth and self-actualization  the result of courageously facing one's anxiety