1. Systems Analysis & Design Seventh Edition C HAP 1: I NTRO TO SAD 1

2. 2 C HAPTER O BJECTIVES Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success Define and describe an information system components Use profiles and models to understand business functions and operations Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them 2

3. 3 C HAPTER O BJECTIVES Explain systems development tools, including modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology Describe the systems development life cycle Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there 3

4. 4 I NTRODUCTION The use of information as a weapon in the battle increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty make correct/strong decisions IT can mean the difference between success and failure 4

5. 5 T HE I MPACT OF I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY Definition: Information Technology (IT) Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly safeguarded carefully 5

6. 6 T HE I MPACT OF I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY The Future of IT Accounted for almost 30 percent of economic growth in 2003 Online population worldwide increased 106 percent between 2000-2004 305.5% usage growth 2000-2008 Note: http://www.internetworldstats.com/http://www.internetworldstats.com/ 6

7. 7 T HE I MPACT OF I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY The Role of Systems Analysis and Design Definition: Systems Analysis and Design Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems Systems Analyst (SA) Plan, develop, and maintain information systems 7

8. 8 T HE I MPACT OF I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY Who Develops Information Systems? In-house applications Software packages Internet-based application services Outsourcing Custom solutions Enterprise-wide software strategies How versus What – how the system will be implemented before determining what the system is supposed to do = high risk 8

9. 9 I NFORMATION S YSTEM C OMPONENTS A system is a set of related components that produces specific results A mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operations Business cannot be done without it 9

10. 10 I NFORMATION S YSTEM C OMPONENTS 1) Hardware – consist of everything in the physical layer of the information system Servers, workstations, networks, telecommunications equipment, etc 2) Software – program that control the h/ware and produce the desired result System software – manage h/ware component (e.g. Win XP) Network operating system – (e.g. Win 2003 Server, Unix, etc) 10

11. 11 I NFORMATION S YSTEM C OMPONENTS Application software – consist of program that support day-to-day business functions Enterprise applications – order process system, payroll system, financial system Horizontal system – inventory or payroll application (e.g. standard payroll system that able to use by all companies) Vertical system – design to meet unique req. of a business (e.g. special IS that serves to meet unique business req.) 11

12. 12 I NFORMATION S YSTEM C OMPONENTS 3) Data Is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information Tables Linking 12

13. 13 I NFORMATION S YSTEM C OMPONENTS 4) Processes Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results 5) People (Stakeholder) Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information system, both inside and outside the company 13

14. 14 U NDERSTANDING T HE B USINESS Business Profile – describe company overall function Organization, processes, services, products, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, future direction SA investigates company’s products, services, Internet opportunities 14

15. 15 U NDERSTANDING T HE B USINESS Business Models – purpose: make it easier for manager and system analyst to understand day-to- day business operation Business models – a framework in creating value (e.g. selling computer – Dell) Business process – specific (tasks|processes) that involved in creating value BPR (business process reengineering) – trying to simplify current processes or reduce cost 15

16. 16 U NDERSTANDING T HE B USINESS 16

17. 17 U NDERSTANDING T HE B USINESS New Kinds of Companies Product-oriented – routers, microchips Service-oriented – resellers and providers of information Brick-and-mortar – conduct business from physical locations (have premises) Dot-com (.com) or Internet- dependent Amazon.com, Google, eBay, Yahoo! 17

18. 18 I MPACT OF THE I NTERNET E-Commerce (I-Commerce) B2C (Business-to-Consumer) B2B (Business-to-Business) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), XML, HTML Web-Based Development Solutions IBM WebSphere Modeler, Microsoft.NET Web services Developed by 3 rd party developer but included as part of the IS 18

19. 19 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served Office systems Operational systems Decision support systems Executive information systems 19

20. 20 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users Enterprise computing systems – support company-wide operation and data mgt req. Transaction processing systems – data generated by day-to-day operations Business support systems – provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company Knowledge management systems – expert system, combine knowledge base and inference rule User productivity systems – email, voice mail, fax, etc 20

21. 21 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) Enterprise computing systems Support company-wide operations and data management requirements Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 21

22. 22 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) Transaction processing systems (TPS) Efficient because they process a set of transaction- related commands as a group rather than individually 22

23. 23 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) Business support systems Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company Management information systems (MIS) Radio frequency identification (RFID) What-if analysis e.g: What will happen if fuel price continues decreasing? 23 Ads: FTMSK offers CS224 program which focus on Business Computing area.

24. 24 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) Knowledge management systems Called expert systems Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules Many use fuzzy logic and neural network 24 Ads: FTMSK offers CS223 program which focus on AI area.

25. 25 H OW B USINESS U SES I NFORMATION S YSTEMS ( TYPE OF IS) User productivity systems Technology that improves productivity Groupware Information systems integration Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) 25

26. 26 I NFORMATION S YSTEM U SERS AND T HEIR N EEDS A SA must understand the company’s organizational model in order to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom 26

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28. 28 I NFORMATION S YSTEM U SERS AND T HEIR N EEDS Top managers – develop long range plans called strategic plans, define the company overall mission and goals (SISP) Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers - just below the top level, provide direction, resources and performance feedback to teams and supervisors Supervisors and Team Leaders – carry out day- to-day functions and oversee operational employees Operational Employees – users who rely on TPS to enter and receive data 28

29. 29 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT T OOLS AND T ECHNIQUES SA must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer- aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems SA work with these tools in a team environment 29

30. 30 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT T OOLS AND T ECHNIQUES Modeling Used to describe and simplify an IS: Business or requirements model – information that a system must provide Data model – data structures and design Object model – consist of data and process Network model – design and protocols of telecomm. links Process model – logic that programmers use to write code modules 30

31. 31 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT T OOLS AND T ECHNIQUES Prototyping Definition: an early working version of an IS Adv: Speeds up the development process Disadv: Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood Can be an extremely valuable tool 31

32. 32 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT T OOLS AND T ECHNIQUES Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools Framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies CASE tools – make easier to built an information system, boost IT productivity and improve the quality of the finished product. Upper CASE – (conceptual|logical) design Lower CASE – physical design 32

33. 33 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT M ETHODS Structured analysis and object-oriented analysis are both popular methodologies for developing computer-based information systems A SA should understand the alternative methodologies and their individual strengths and weaknesses 33

34. 34 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT M ETHODS Structured Analysis Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically Systems development life cycle (SDLC) 34

35. 35 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT M ETHODS Object-oriented (O-O) analysis O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects Object is a member of a class Class is a collection of similar objects Objects possess properties Methods change an object’s properties Messages request specific behavior or information from another object 35

36. 36 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT M ETHODS Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development JAD – Team based fact finding RAD – compressed version of the entire process Other development methodologies Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) Spiral Model Extreme Programming RUP 36

37. 37 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE SDLC used to plan and manage the systems development process It includes the following steps: Systems planning phase Systems analysis phase Systems design phase Systems implementation phase Systems operation, support, and security phase Deliverable or end product 37

38. 38 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Traditionally pictured as a waterfall model, but is also presented as an interactive model depicting real world practice and the constant dialog among users, managers, and systems developers 38

39. 39 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Systems Planning To identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem Systems request – begins the process & describes problems or desired changes Systems planning includes preliminary investigation whose key part is a feasibility study End product: Preliminary Investigation Document, Software Development Plan (SDP) 39

40. 40 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Systems Analysis To build a logical model of the new system First step is requirements modeling, where you investigate business processes and document what the new system must do End product: system requirements document 40

41. 41 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Systems Design Purpose is to create a blueprint that will satisfy all documented requirements Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes Avoid misunderstanding through manager and user involvement End product: systems design specification 41

42. 42 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Systems Implementation New system is constructed Write, test, & document programs File conversion occurs Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system Systems evaluation performed 42

43. 43 T HE S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT L IFE C YCLE Systems operation, support, and security New system supports operations Maintenance changes correct errors or meet requirements Enhancements increase system capability Well-designed system will be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable SDLC ends with system replacement 43

44. 44 S YSTEMS D EVELOPMENT G UIDELINES Planning Involve users throughout the development process Listening is very important Create a time table with major milestones Identify interim checkpoints Remain flexible Develop accurate cost and benefit information 44

45. 45 I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY D EPARTMENT The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems The IT group provides technical support 45

46. 46 I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY D EPARTMENT Application Development Team may include users, managers and IT staff members Systems Support and Security Provides hardware and software support User Support Provides users with technical information, training, and productivity support Help desk 46

47. 47 I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY D EPARTMENT Database Administration Database design, management, security, backup, and user access Network Administration Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security Web Support Design and construction of Web pages and presence Important for e-commerce Webmaster 47

48. 48 T HE S YSTEMS A NALYST P OSITION A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work 48

49. 49 T HE S YSTEMS A NALYST P OSITION Responsibilities Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet needs Required Skills and Background Solid communication skills and analytical ability 49

50. 50 T HE S YSTEMS A NALYST P OSITION Certification Professional credential Career Opportunities Job titles Company organization Company size Corporate culture Salary, location, and future growth 50

51. 51 C HAPTER S UMMARY IT is a combination of hardware and software that support business The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people Companies are product-oriented, service- oriented, or a combination of the two 51

52. 52 C HAPTER S UMMARY Organization structure usually includes levels. Each level has different responsibilities and information needs Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of the process, prototyping involves creation of an early working model, and CASE tools assist in various systems development tasks 52

53. 53 C HAPTER S UMMARY The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) consists of five phases: systems planning, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation, and systems operation, support, and security Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication skills Chapter 1 Complete 53