1. Multiprogramming CSE451 Andrew Whitaker

2. Overview Multiprogramming: Running multiple programs “at the same time”  Requires multiplexing (sharing) the CPU Transfer of control is called a context switch FirefoxWordjavacFirefoxWord time

3. The Process The process is an OS abstraction for a running program Process is associated with an address space Preview: Thread is a running program without its own address space code (text segment) static data (data segment) heap (dynamic allocated mem) stack (dynamic allocated mem) PC SP kernel space

4. How Do Processes Share the CPU? The OS maintains a per-process Process Control Block (PCB)  Which stores state for non-running processes On a context switch  Save state of the old process  Restore state of the new process CPU Old PCB New PCB

5. What’s in the PCB? The PCB is a data structure with many fields:  process ID (PID)  execution state (Ready, Running, Blocked)  program counter, stack pointer, registers  memory management info  UNIX username of owner  scheduling priority  accounting info In linux:  defined in task_struct ( include/linux/sched.h )  over 95 fields!!!

6. States of a process running ready blocked blocking I/O interrupt (unschedule) dispatch interrupt (I/O complete)

7. State queues The OS maintains a set of queues that represent the state of processes in the system  e.g., ready queue: all runnable processes  e.g., wait queue: processes blocked on some condition As a process changes state, its PCB is unlinked from one queue, and linked onto another

8. State queues There may be many wait queues, one for each type of wait (particular device, timer, message, …) head ptr tail ptr netscape pcbemacs pcbls pcb cat pcbnetscape pcb head ptr tail ptr Wait queue header Ready queue header

9. Walking Through a Context Switch Process A enters the kernel  Due to a system call, interrupt, or exception The kernel scheduler is invoked:  Is it time to context switch?  If so, which is the next process to run? Assembly routine exchanges hardware state  Save process A’s state to its PCB  Load process B’s state from its PCB (Process B now running) OS returns control to user mode

10. The Guts of Context Switching (x86) 1. define switch_to(prev,next,last) do { 2.unsigned long esi,edi; 3.asm volatile("pushl %ebp\n\t" 4. "movl %esp,%0\n\t /* save stackptr */ 5. "movl %5,%esp\n\t /* restore stackptr */ 6. "movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save instr_ptr */ 7. "pushl %6\n\t" /* restore instr_ptr */ 8. "jmp __switch_to\n” /* Return to C */ 9. "1:\t"/* 1: is $1f*/ 10. "popl %ebp\n\t" 11. :"=m" (prev->thread.esp), /* %0 */ 12. "=m" (prev->thread.eip), /* %1 */ 13. "=a" (last), /* %2 */ 14. "=S" (esi),"=D" (edi) 15. :"m" (next->thread.esp), /* %5 */ 16. "m" (next->thread.eip), /* %6 */ 17. "2" (prev), "d" (next)); 18.} while (0)

11. UNIX Process API How do user programs interact with processes?  Fork: create a new process  Exec: run a program  Kill: destroy a process  Wait: wait for a process to exit

12. UNIX process creation Via the fork() system call Fork essentially clones the parent process  Child receives identical (but separate) address space  Child inherits open files from its parent The fork() system call “returns twice”  Returns the child’s PID to the parent  Returns 0 to the child

13. Fork example int value = 5; int main () { pid_t pid ; value = 7; pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { /* Child */ value += 15; } else { /* Parent */ wait (NULL); /* Wait for child to terminate */ printf("PARENT: value = %d\n",value ); } What value is printed to the screen?

14. Exec vs. fork So how do we start a new program, instead of just forking the old program?  the exec() system call!  int exec(char *prog, char ** argv) exec()  stops the current process  loads program ‘prog’ into the address space  initializes hardware context, args for new program  places PCB onto ready queue  note: does not create a new process!

15. UNIX shells int main(int argc, char **argv) { while (1) { char *cmd = get_next_command(); int child_pid = fork(); if (child_pid == 0) { exec(cmd); panic(“exec failed!”); } else { waitpid(child_pid); }