1. 1800-1914

2.  Technology advances such as the reaper and plow led to an increase in the food supply and population.  There was a need for less workers in agriculture due to mechanization.

3.  Definition: The shift from making goods by hand to making goods by machine.

4.  I. England: stood as world’s industrial giant  Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution  No exporting of inventions  1807- Belgium – spinning and weaving  II. Germany, France, & United States:  abundant resources: coal,oil, iron,& others  U.S. -1 st textile factory – Pawtucket, RI  1900’s – U.S. lead world in Industrial production  III. Impact: demand created jobs – cities railroads, and factories

5. 1. LAND  Place for factory or business (agriculture=field) 2. LABOR  Workers 3. CAPITAL  Money-investments in the factory or business 4. ENTREPRENEURS  People willing to invest and begin factory or business

6.  I. Steel:  Henry Bessemer – 1856 – British engineer – purifying iron ore & making steel  steel – lighter, stronger, more durable  II. Chemicals: medicines, perfumes, soap  Alfred Nobel – 1866 – dynamite (construction & warfare)  Nobel Prize named after him

7.  III. Electricity : late 1800’s – replaced steam as major source of industrial power  Ben Franklin – American – electricity century earlier  Alessandro Volta – Italian – 1 st battery  Michael Faraday – English – electric motor & dynamo  Thomas Edison – American 1870’s – 1 st electric light bulb  1890’s – cables carried electricity from dynamos to factories

8.  IV. Production:  Interchangeable parts – identical components  Simplified assembly and repair  Assembly line – early 1900’s produced faster and cheaper

9.  Textile  United States-Demand for cotton rose so the need for more slaves rose=Civil War  Mining  Farming  Etc…

10.  City Size  Huge population boom  Middle to Lower class  Inadequate housing, poor living conditions  Pollution ▪ Air ▪ Water

11.  Living conditions in Cities  No sanitation/building controls  Lack of housing  Education  Police protection  Lack of running water  Heaps of garbage

12. 1. Created jobs 2. Wealth of nations 3. Technological progress & inventions 4. Increased production of goods Part 1

13.  I. Automobile Age:  Nikolaus Otto: German engineer – gas powered combustion engine  Karl Benz: 1886 – German – patent for 1 st automobile (3 wheels)  Gottlieb Daimler: German – 1 st 4 wheeled automobile  Henry Ford: America – early 1900’s –model went 25 mph – assembly line – U.S. leader in automobile industry

16.  II. Air Travel:  Orville and Wilbur Wright: 1903 – Kitty Hawk, NC  1920’s – commercial flight began  III. Communication:  Samuel B. Morse: American – 1844 – 1 st telegraph line:Baltimore to Washington,DC  Alexander Graham Bell: Scottish born American – 1876 – invented & patented the telephone  Guglielmo Marconi: Italian – 1890’s - radio

17.  I. Big Business:  late 1800’s – dominated industry  started to form corporations  II. Monopolies:  powerful leaders controlled whole industry  Alfred Krupp: Germany – steelmaking – controlled coal & iron mines and the shipping  John D. Rockefeller: America – Standard Oil –owned oil wells, refineries, & pipelines  cartels formed: fixed prices,quotas, & controlled markets

18.  I. Disease:  germ theory  Louis Pasteur – French – 1870 – vaccine against rabies & anthrax  pasteurization: killing disease microbes in milk  Robert Koch: German 1880’s – determined bacteria caused tuberculosis (hygiene)

19.  Hospital:  Florence Nightingale: British – 1854 – better hygiene in field hospitals – 1 st school of nursing  Joseph Lister: antiseptics prevented infections – surgeons wash hands and sterilize instruments

20.  Georges Haussman: 1850’s – Paris  destroyed the tenement housing and built boulevards and public buildings  paved streets, police & fire protection  Eiffel Tower: Paris 1900  Louis Sullivan – American - skyscraper